- "Eyes and ears of the King": Government officials traveled throughtout empire to check on satraps
- "Land of no return": Under world in the summerian religion. Had no light or air dead exisisted as pale shadows
- Ahriman: Force of evil, decict, and darkness
- Ahura Mazda: Force of goodness, truth, light (syn. fire purification, truth)
- Anu: The ruler of all Gods
- Ark of the Covenant: Portable shrine dedicated to Yahweh. Built under directions of Moses. Carried by hebrews during the years of wanderintg through Sanai. Isreal was its home
- Assyrians: "Spartans of the near east." ONe of the most warlike ppl in history. Army- very powerful. fully equiped with iron. used charriots, calvary. war machines, controlled ppl through systematic terrorism. To destroy national feeling used mass deporttion. Culture-not original. Borrowedheavily from others and unified deverse elements.Had originality in ther relief structure. Women of palace set to secluded quarters. in public-veiled. Synonym to brutality. they publicized it other countries didnt.
- Astronomy. forcasts eclipses, lunar-identified sign of zodiac- used calendar-28 days-lunar- determined tilt on earths axis. concept of equinox: What was the greatest contributiion to civilization by the babylonians
- Autonomous: Mean self governing, independant.
- Ba'als: Any god or human official
- Babylon: Most beautiful city in ancient near east. Walls were formed for empire. Hanging gardens were there, . became political, economic cultural center of near east, stretched for persian gulf to medd
- Beirut: City in Lebanon
- Byblos: Greek for the pononecian city gebal
- Canaan: (Palestine) the promise land
- Carthage: Ancient city in Tunisia
- Charisma: A special blessing from God
- Civil Law: Deals with privite rights and matters such as buisness contracts, property inheritance,taxes, marriage, and devorce
- Criminal Law: Deals with offenses against others such as robbery, assult, and murder
- Cuneiform: latin-Cuneus meaning wedge (a wedge-shaped stylus used on wet clay tablets-baked in ovens dried in sun
- Cyrus the Great (II): Capable general-excellent leader-Courted goodwill of conquered ppl. Spared lives of Conquered ppl.
- Darius I: He needed support of milatary. He recieve support of Elite 10000 manunit immortals. Made 20 administrative districts. (satrapies) Provicial governor. Satrap-Noble or member of royal family. Coleected taxes, administered justice, and provieded men for army.
- Decalogue: The ten Commandments (a set of rulers)
- Due to emphasis on final judgment , satan, spiritual immortality: Why is Zoroastrianism called and "ethical religion"
- Eddubas: Summerian tribes trained here. It means tablet house. Served in business, government, and Religion.
- Fertile Crescent: Arc of land from persian gulf to eastern medd. coast
- Fines: In Summerian law, what was the most frequent punishment for violating laws?
- Gilgamesh: God like man performing heroic deeds (epic of Gligamest:longest novel in world)
- Haging gardens: Palace garden-built for a queen reminded her of mountan birth place
- Hammurabi: 6th king of amorities. United most cities of mesopotamia under his control. He was effective, worked to organize stron central gov. Developed economic prosperity cfor people and maintained roads and canals(info-structure) improved trade
- Hebrews: Isrealites
- Hittites: Settled in highlands of Anatolia-Harch climate. 1stppl to extract iron from ore(wrought iron) had milatrary value armed more soliers less sxpense.
- in their relief structure which dealt with assyrian ideals of masculinity, disipline and rutality: In what artistic area did the assyrians show some originality?
- INhanced unity-promote trade, rapid movement of troops, royal road 1680 miles: What was the value of the good network of roads that were built by the persians
- Jerusalem: Holy city of Israel
- King David: United tribes of isreal. A model for all rulers of Isrealites.
- King Nebuchadnezzar: Rivived power of Babylon built empire (stretched from persian Gulf to Medd. Sea)
- Lex Talionis: The law of lrevenge(and eye for and eye)
- Mesopotamia: "land between 2 rivers" mesos-,odd;e potam(os)- pertaining to rivers. A civilaization in the fertile cresantt
- Messiah: God- Appointed leader to save isreal from political bondage.
- Murez: Shellfish-Sea snail yeilded purple,red dye, tyrian purple.
- Pantheon: God of a people. God of heaven- Anuruler of all gods, lowest of all demons, wicked Udugs. Part of summerian religion
- Patesi: Ruler (king served as)
- Pentateuch: First 5 books of the old testamant
- Phnecians: When society in ancient Near East was the first to develop and alphabet
- Polaris: North Star
- Sardis: Capital of the ancient civilization of Lydia
- Sargon: Ruler invaded and conquuered sumerian city-states. First ruler to unite region of Mesopotamia. Controlled aria from persian gulf to syria and lebanon to medd. sea. Retained some independance and cultural traditions. Extended flood control and irrigation systems in mesopotamia. Used armies to protect trade carabans through fertile cresant.
- Satrap: Noble or member of royal falmily
- Sidon: Large city in lebonon
- Solomon: Son of David. Kingdom of ISreal hit Denuth(high point) Built temple dedicated to Yahweh in Jerusalem. Administrative- Divided kingom into 12 districkts which were headed by govenors. requeired to provide court at jerusalem with food for 1 month each year. Established trade alliances with egypt and phonecians built strategically located fortresses, built fleet to sail in red sea. Upon his death 12 tribes split into 2 kingdoms- split caused by oppresive tazes conscripted labor and loss of tribal independance
- Susa: A city in Iran
- That state must inforce law: What was the most important concept contained in the Code of Hammuabi
- The arch: What architechual feature was debveloped by the sumerians to make buildings sturdier?
- They prroduced wrought iron so they could arm more soldiers for less expense: What was the military value of iron
- Tigris and Euphrates: Which two rivers flow through the land between two rivers
- Torah: Law perserved teachings and writings
- Tribute: Payment made in reconition of domination
- Tyre: A phonecian city
- Unpredicatble, selfish, little regard for humans: What were the characteristics of SUmerian Deities
- Wicked Udugs: Lowest of all demons
- Yahweh: God
- Ziggurat: "Mountan of God" A high terraced pyramid which the top was flat. It was a temple dedicated to their cheif God.
- Zoroastrianism: established by Zoraster. Had 2 forces AHura Mazda and AHrimon. an ethical Religion