Print › World Civ Exam trimester 1 EVERYTHING and more!

"Those who are about to die salute you": said to the highest people at the battle before it started( said by gladiators)
"those who cannot remember the past are condemed to repeat it": written by George Santayana who lived in the 1800's
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire: the government made laws that were enforced and revised
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire: strong economy because traveling was easier due to everyone was under Romes power
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire: Rome had a strong army, they defeated the frontier and controlled the provences
1. can clergy marry?: west (pope) NO : East (emperor) YES
10 commandments: moral/ethical guildlines for living
135 AD: More revolts (and the lasts) roman bans jews from jeruslem(but not baned from out side and around the city) Hadrian emperor; name of provence changed from judea to palestine
2. who is the leader of the christan church.: west (pope) POPE : East (emperor) EMPEROR
2nd punic war dates?: 218 bc - 202 bc
3. use of icons: Resolved
30 ad: jesus does to jerusalem and was "hailed as king of jews"; causes contrivercy;
337 AD- Constantine: a supporter of chrisianity; converted
391 AD- Theodosius: makes christianity official religion; banned gladiator matches and olympics
3rd punic war dates:: 149 bc - 146 bc
44BC on Ides of March...: Caesar assassinated by Marcus Brutus and other members of the Senate
46 BC...: Caesar made sole ruler of Rome
476 AD: rome is overthrowen
5 characteristics of a civilization: 1. the use of metal to produce a surplus of food; 2. form of government to solve problems; 3. division of labor; 4. calender; 5. form of writing
66 A.D. to 70 A,D`: jewish revolts against romans; romans in jeruslem destroyed temple (major turning point); rabbis beome community leaders
ad: anno domini (the year of the lord) (latin)
After Crassus’ death, Pompey orders Caesar to Rome to stand charges of what?: treason
After death of jesus: apostles continued to spread teachings
after the pax romana, in a 50 year period how many emperors where there and their cause of death?: 26 in total. 25 murdered 1 died of natural causes
agora: a greek market place
alloy: a metal made of 2 different metals, ex. bronze
apostles: 12 of jesus's closest followers
atrium: the offical like walkin area usuallly open and airy
Augustus Ceasar: the other offical name of the emperor; means the revered one
auxilia: noncitizens that suppimented the army; extra not part of the army; bow men, ect
bc: before christ
bce: before the common era
Belisarius: general of the army; friend of Theodora; lead throught nika rebelion; help justinian conquer the land from the germanic tribes
bias: being partial from your own personal expericence
bishop: leaders in major cities
bp: before present
bulla: birth locket
by 100 ad: there were enoguh rchristians for romans to be concerned; percicutions was happening; people protestes and killing
by 133 bc ....: macidiona, greece, and asia minor conquered; rome is then an empire because of size
by 200 ad: civil wars and problems caused walthy to look for compert so they went to christianity
by 300 ad: emperors converted
by 300 bc...: some plebians held all offices; butit was still ran by the wealthiest
by 400 AD church higly organized: (from top to bottom)(up to down) popes, patriarchs, bishops,priests
by 400's AD: Rome gets ride of western part of empire
By 6 AD: judea was a provence of the Romans; they were heavily taxed; treated corrupt and cruel; still allowed to pratice monotheism; jews werwe exempt from worshiping emperor; some jews rebel seaking a new king/messiah (saivor)
by 700 B.C.: both parts (2) of isreal were conquered
By1100 ad: the code was being used in europe, and became the base for many laws
calendar: system of measuring time to meed the need of civilizations
Caligula: Adopted son of Tiberius; Had no political experience before becoming emperor; Suffered a nervous breakdown 6 months later; Became increasingly erratic and violent, “Let them hate me as long as they fear me.”; Spent money on foolish projects, banished or killed many family members, claimed to be all the gods combined, made his horse a consul; Murdered by his own men after insulting the army
carthage is located in modern _____?: modern tunisa
carthagians where old_____?: phoenicicans
caueses of decline of byzantine Empire: many civil wars after death of justinian; outside wars with different groups; asian minor counqueres around 1000 ad; ottoman turks finially take over the city
cause of the first punic war:: - carthage: feared that rome will expand to sicily (which belonged to carthage):: - rome feared that carthage will close strait of messina
cause of third punic war:: roman veteranians sought revenge from the distruction of second punic war., because they destroyed alot of the farms and country side
ce: common era
changes in small farmers life:: they loose their land, because of fighting and wars, and status (lively hood); goes to city to start over,
changes in the wealthy's life:: they buy land from small farmers and create latifundias; they use slave labor for their latifundias; they sell the food from the latifundas at cheaper prices, which drives out more small farmers
checks and balances: the divisions of pwers are the checks and balances?
Chinese Calendar: year of the boar (2007); lunisolar; now year 4704; emperor Haung Ti introduced the first cycle of the zodiac
civilization: a highly organized group or socity that has complex institutions, a large group of people, has a goverentment, and has one or more cultures
Claudius: Originally passed over after Tiberius’ death; Army appointed him emperor; Conquered Britain; Unlucky in love, married three times; Last marriage proved fatal. Married Agrippina, (Caligula’s sister) and adopted her son Nero; Many suspect she poisoned Claudius so Nero could be emperor.
clergy: a group of religious people
Co emperors: had assistants; they didnt last very long because people didnt like sharing the power with one another
conquered land turns into (after 133 bc):: provences
conquered people after 133 bc: had no righs, were heavily taxed and monitored, not allowed to be citizens, even if right next to rome
conquered people turn into (after 133 bc):: subjects of rome.
Constantine: won sole emperor in 324 AD; converted to christianity; created constantanople and made it new capital city;
Crossing the Rubicon: Caesar makes an irreversible decision to attack Pompey
crucifixion: when your sufficated; roman death method of choice
cultural diffusion: the spreading of culture
culture: what humans aquire by living together; ex art, food, dress, beliefs, religion, language
day: sunrise to sunset to sunrise
Describe the climate of modern italy: predominantly mediterranian; alpine in the far north, hot dry in the south
Describe the flag of modern italy: green, white, red, vertical stripes
Diocletian: 284 Ad - 305 AD; made gove controll price fo things; decides empire to big so splits it in 2 places, east and west; has one co-emperor in rome and one in zantem; co emperors had assistiants to help them rule;
disciples: followers
Dissagreenebts bwtween tribes: Dissagreenebts bwtween tribes cause civil war, isreal splits in to (weakens both)
Does italy have any nuclear weaponds?: no
dowry: the money or goods a wife brought to a husband at marrage
empire: a form of government that united different terrortires and different people under one ruler
equites: a class of buisness people and land owners who became very wealthy
ethical monotheism: religion bbelieveing in oen god, emphasizing ethics
Etruscians: around 600 BC; were skilled engineeres; had a strong monarchy; skilled metal workers; strong military; had triumphs
example of empire cities: Alexandra, Jeruslem, Constantanople
excommunication: a person who cannot be a member of the church
exodus: the escape of the hebrews from egypt
Explain the physical setting of Italy: italian peninsula; tiber river -rome - shallow; few good harbors
fabrics used by wealthy people: whool, cotton, silk, linnen
Facts : Moses: 1200 BC; prophet; led jews out of slavery from egypt; jewish by birth raised egyptian (egyptian royality); recieved 10 commandments
Facts: Abraham: 1950 BC; from Sumer ( city of Ur); was a prophet; father of Judaism; believed in monotheism; god lead him to Canaan;
Facts: aquaducts: they transported water in and out of the city
Facts: Circus maximus: a ring in which charriot races where done; people could die; very searious sport; fights might happen in the stands; betting was very popular
Facts: colosseum: -built as a multipourpourpose arena, retractiable room and floor, build for gladiator and enterrtainment, - arches and concrete helped made construction faster
FACTS: Constantinople: surronded by water; christianitity man religion; well protected; government talked in latin; church talked in latin; people talked in greek; city had double wall protection; in 300 it became the capital of the eastern empire
Facts: David: sucessor to Saul, captured jerusalem
Facts: fashion: richer people used alot of accessories,,
Facts: food: they liked to eat exotic things; like spices;
Facts: Jesus: born in judea (jewish working class); born jewish; educated jewish; born on 1 ad; educated by rabbis; around age 27 (27 ad) he began to preach; miracles ect attract crounds (predominantly poor jewish people); had disciples and apostles
facts: pax romano: - height of the socitity; - most dominant time; -
Facts: roads: - to communicate, trade, for the army to move quickly and protect; - build by slaves and the army; roads layered and build to last; - in total slaves and soldiers had built 60,000 miles of roads,; had wayhomes; - standardized
Facts: Saul: around 1000 B.C.; unites 12 tribes; first king of isreal
Facts: Solomon: Son and sucessor to david; brings isreal to height; golden age`
Facts: spa: - was open to all citizens; - had to pay to go into spa;
Facts: villa/home: furniature was calm and fuzzy, bed benchs; had running water
first punic war dates?: 264 bc - 241 bc (23 year war)
forgiveness (teaching of jesus): so that you can move on, contine to do the right thingl no matter how bad you did you could be forgiven
fresco: a painting that was painted into wet plaster
fridadarium: room that cools you off and closes up your pores
From where are the goths from?: germany
From where are the Huns from?: asia
From where are the vandals from?: germany
full citizenship went to people _____ under wise policies: people near rome and around it
Gaius Gracchus: Elected tribune in 123BC ; Proposed using public funds to buy and sell grain to the poor at reduced prices (welfare program); Killed in a riot planned by his enemies. ; The Senate justified killings by claiming the Republic was in danger; Violence becomes “Law of the Land”
General Gaius Marius: General elected consul in 107BC; Created a volunteer army (regardless of land ownership) and rewarded soldiers with money, land and loot; Armies became more loyal to generals than Rome
Gnaeus Pompey: Successful general, supporter of Sulla; Spent most of his career helping to consolidate Rome’s holdings in the provinces; Joins the First Triumvirate which proves to be unstable;
Gregorian Calendar: since 1582; u.s.a uses it; created by pope gregory
Hadrian: Trajan appointed him on his deathbed; Organized and “Romanized” (built bridges, roads and aqueducts throughout the empire); Ruled during the height of the Pax Romana or Roman peace; Strengthened borders; Built Hadrian’s Wall across Britain
Haga Sophia: - a huge church that justinain ordered to be made in 530 AD, and it took 6 years to make; had many arches and cloumns, ect. ; had a dome top but was a square building
Hebrew calendar: year 5768; year 1- the biblical date of creation; is a lunisolar calendar
heresy: an opinion that conflicts with the offical church beliefs
history: an accumulation of everything that has happened in the past since writting began (After 3000 BC)
hoplite: a type of greek soldier
how did hannibal loose 1/2 of his army?: a snow storm
how did jesus cause a contriversy in ** ad?: anypme who attracts such loyal followers may be a threat to stability of roman gove
How did Julius Caesar gain popularity?: Gained popularity by giving grain to the poor
How did the byzantine empire have a diversified empire?: they had good trade, agriculture, and manufacturing, especially silk since everyone wanted it
How did the civilization make sure that harvesting season and flood season where right each year?: they added a day?
How did the plebeians gain equality?: they went on strike?
How did the role of empereor change during the pax romana?: emperor took power from senate and assemblies
how does carthage usually attack?: by sea
how fast did the hot ash/.pummace fall?: 60-180 mph
how is cunieaform written?: etchings
how is hyeryroglifics written?: pictures
how judiaism and christianitity are alike: Both are: monotheistic; based on 10 commandments; ephasized ethics; roots in old testament/torah; persecuted by romans
how judiaism and christianitity are different: conversion methods were different in roman times; christians belieeved that Jesus mesaha, jews dont.
how long could the appointed dictator rule for and what would they do?: 6 months, they would comand over the counryand the courts
How long did gladiators fight till?: Usually they fought to the death
How long did the Byzantine Empire last?: 400 ad - 1453 AD
how long was a lunar month?: 29 1/2 days
how many consuls where there and how long did they rule?: 2 people for 1 year
how many days in a lunar calendar?: how many days are missing? 354, missing 11 days
how many hills surronded rome?: 7
How many people could fit in the Circus Maximus?: over 200,000 people
how many people did the colosseum seat?: 50,000 people
how many people died?: over 30,000 people
How many people were in the senate?: 300 people
how many tribunes were there?: 10
how many years is 2nd punic war after first?: 23 years
How much is one euro worth to a dollar? (1 euro = x dollars): $1.40
how was the byzantine army good?: - best equiptment, well trianed, mediacal servaces, land grants, retirement benefits
how were the provences governed?: loosly
icon: a holy picture of jesus, the virgin may, or the saints
iconoclast: people who believed that having icons in chur was the same as polytheism
iconoclast controversy: the on going debate between iconoclasts and the defenders of icons
iconoclast controversy: Decision: opposition to use of icons is heresy, punishment of heresy is excommunication
iconoclast controversy: east: emperor Leo bans use of icons in byzantine empire
iconoclast controversy: result: emperor lifts ban on icons
iconoclast controversy: west: pope calls council of bishiops to discuss to descuss controversy
imperial: of the empire
In 1054 AD the churches split into:: west (pope) Roman Catholic Church (latin): East (emperor) Eastern Orthodox Church (greek)
inflation: a rise in price caused by a decrease in the value of money
Islamic Calendar: lunar calendar; year 1 - mohammad migrated from mecca to medina; used in islamic countries
joining christianity: any one could join; didnt have to pay to join; offered forgiveness of sins and hope
Judeo-Christian Ethics: the values first established by the hebrews
Julian calendar (facts): created in 46 BC; first solar calendar; created by Julius Ceasar; did have leap years; first solar calendar
Julius Caesar: Nephew of Marius, enemy of Sulla; ; Senate feared he was too ambitious and tried to stop him ; Forms First Triumvirate (rule of three);
Justinian: ruled 527 ad - 565 ad; wanted to revie empire, especially constantinople; re-conquered much or western (old roman) empire; stops Nika Rebellion; revises legal system
Justinians code: has 4 parts; written in latin;
lanista: the owner of the school for the gladiators
latins: first kind of civilized group to settle around rome; 750 BC; lived on the plains of latium; farmers found city of rome; lived on the south side
Licinius Crassus: Elected consul 97BC; Considered the wealthiest man in Rome; Supporter of Sulla; Member of First Triumvirate
linnen: wrickels faster; tougher fabric
Lucius Cornelius Sulla: General elected consul in 88BC; Wanted to restore power to the Senate and aristocracy; Marius blocked a political appointment that Sulla wanted and Sulla took revenge; Sulla’s army attacked Rome (big no no), defeated Marius; Declared himself dictator from 82 – 79 BC; Enlarged the Senate to 600 members; Proved a ruler with strongest army could control Rome
lunar calendar: a calendar that goes by the cycles of the moon.
Marc Antony: One of Caesar’s generals; member of Second Triumvirate; Married to Octavian’s sister; Falls in love with Cleopatra; Antony and Cleopatra declare war on Rome in 31 BC which they lose; Antony and Cleopatra make a suicide pact but initially only Antony kills himself
Marcus Aurelius: Last of the “Good Emperors”; Well educated, loved philosophy; Opposed war but was forced to defend the frontier; Wrote “Meditations” personal reflections of his beliefs; End of the Pax Romana
mare nostrum: means "our sea" nickname for medeterannian sea for romans
martyrs: people who were put to death because of their beliefes
minonians: very first greeks lived on isleand of Creet
monotheistic: believeing in one god
month: full moon to full moon
mosaiscs: used glass ext to make a picture
name (in order) modern italy's natural resources(top 5): 1. coal, 2. mercury. 3. zinc 4. potash 5. marble
Name languages spoken in modern italy: Italian(official); german, french, slovenian, english
Name one problem with studying history: people who record history have different perspectives on events
name some of the accomplishments by Octiavian.: greatly expanded the frontiers; reduced power of the Senate; began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace
Name some ways the baths had water and steam: they had underground vents and aquaduct
name the 2 powers of the preators: comanded the army in times of need; cover saw the roman legal system in times of peace
name the 3 powers of the censors: regestered citizens by their wealth; appointed candidates to senate; oversaw mural conduct of the citizens
name the 4 powers of the consuls: ran the government; comanded the army; appointed the dictator; veto power
Name the 4 powers of the popular assemblies?: they voted on laws; elected officals; voted over war and peace; ????? ; ?????????
Name the 4 powers of the senate: they controlled public funds; decided foreign polocies; acted as a court when needed; named a dictator in times of need
Name the ethnic groups (nationalities) in modern italy?: Italian 95%, german, french, albanian, sloveiene
Name the first civilization, the country and the continent: Nile River, In Egypt, Africa
Name the fourth civilization, the country and the continent: Indua River, In Pakistan, Asia
Name the religions in modern italy and name their percents: Roman Catholic 90%, other 10% ( jewish, christian, arabain,ect)
Name the second civilization, the country and the continent: Mesopotamia, In Iraq, Asia
Name the thrid civilization, the country and the continent: Huang He, In China, Asia
Nero: Very controversial emperor even in his own time; Initially tried to rule as Octavian; Received classical Greek education; Murdered his meddling mother; Bankrupted Rome to pay for personal pleasures; Blamed Christians for fire in Rome. “Nero fiddle while Rome burned.”; Committed suicide in 68AD
Nika rebelion: - justinian arrests the leaders and tries themm and they are condemed to death, 2 of the leaders escape and the riot goes full scale; even people from army join rebelion
Octavian: 18 year old grand nephew of Caesar, later adopted; Formed Second Triumvirate
Octavian wins what title?: “Augustus” or the revered one.
Part 1: The Code:: contained usefulll roman skills
Part 2: The Digest: summerized orman legal options
Part 3: The Institutes: guide for law students
Part 4: The Novellae: contains laws passed after 534 AD
partial citizenship went to people _____ under wise policies: people far but not really far from rome
patriarchs: bishops of empire cities
patricians: the richer minority of the roman empire; inherted power
people far but not to far from rome could....: own property but not vote; provided land for farmers; couldnt hold office
people near rome could....: join the gov.
people who move into the city find:: few jobs, croweded condtions, and then they turn to the government for help
people who were far/ very far from rome.....: remained inpenedant from rome but provide soldiers
plebeians: the poorer majority of the roman empire; the working class; couldnt be part of government; could vote but not hold office; couldnt be in army
Pliney the Younger: survivor or pompii and recoredd all the events
polytheistic: - the beliefe in one god; modeled after the greeks
Pont du Gard: an aquaduct in france thats still standing
Pontifex Maximus: used to be the name of the position for the hight preist but became the new name for the emperor
pope: head of church; patriarch of rome, the pontifex maximus
Praticices of the Polytheistic romans: rituals, ceremonies, festivals olumpics sacrifies
prehistory: history that happened before wiritng was invented, before wirtten records (before 3000 BC)
prejudice: an opinion thats fromed beofre facts are knowen and are usually unfavorable
priests: performed ceremonies at local level
prophet: one who talked to god
purple dye: represented the patricans because purple dye was expensive
Question here about democracy and rebpulic: sdfasdfasdf
rabbus: jewish scholar who interpreted scriputre and where learned in jewish law
red shoes: wealthier people used red shoes
ressurection: to come back to life and asencion to heaven
results of first punic war:: rome wins; carthage pays indemnity; carthage forced to give up sicily
results of third punic war:: rome destroys carthage (rome wins) carthage is totaly destoryed; population sold into slavery; fields salted; city burned
ring finger: believed to connect a nerve to the heart
Roman decline: Economy: since rome was not conquering there was no new places to collect the precious metals, and since there was less silver the in the coins, due to no more silver, the worth of coins went down so prices went up which caused inflation; also alot of silver and money was going out of rome because of the high demands of forgien imports; people started to barter for things
Roman decline: Security: people found out that roman border was wakening so they attacked; only the wealthy people could escape because they had a place to go;
Roman Decline: Weak leadership: many men didnt concentrate in security; many ambitious men competing for spot of emperor
second punic war cause:: -carthage: Hannibal sought revenge for his father loosing first one; - rome: wants controll of medeterranian sea. rome fears that carthage was expanding into spain
second punic war results:: rome wins; carthage: pays more indemnities; gives all colonies in spain to rome; gives all navy to rome
second punic war turing point 1:: - hannibal invades italy, but attacking by land, he ammases a huge army of elephants (with people on them), foot soldiers, and horses (with people on them); he crosses throught the alps where he looses all his war elephants and 1/2 all his soldiers (foot and horse) ; he gets some of the people in the po river valley to help him
second punic war turing point 2:: hannibal ravages italian country side (battle of cannae); he would of attacked rome but he had no seige weponds to fight with;
second punic war turing point romans:: roman general scipio attacks carthage (final battle: battle of zama 202 bc)
Since when was Italy its current republic?: Italy was a republic since 1946
solar calendar: based on the time it takes for the earth to go around the sun (365 + days) (more acurate
spina: long concrete row in centre used to mark laps and display art
standard outfit *men and women*: toga
stola: garment worn by married people
Strenghts of the byzantine empire: Economic: - great location for trade, cross roads between europe and asia; imperial taxes; diversified economy
Strengths of the Byzantine Empire: Military: -strong army; strong navy, greek fire; strong frontiers
Strengths of the Byzantine empire: political: - higly centralized, means theres a central location for where the gov is; - is autocratic; skilled officals who were well paid efficent and shrewed; justinians code
tax farming: corrupt tax collection, often done in provences, it is where more then enought taxes are collected the the tax collectors keep the extra
teaching of jesus: only one true god; grounded in jewish tradition (follow the ten commandments); emphasized people must care for one another; god care for people especially those who suffer; forgiveness; promise of salvation and a heavenly reward
teaples to what: honor the gods
the clergy decid: that icons are important especially in the west because most people were illeterate
the night before the girl gets married?: she gives awayy her toys and gives back her bulla
The roman way of life was: against the 10 commandments ex. killing - gladiators
Theodora: wife of justinian
Tiberius: Adopted son of Octavian; Continues many of Octavian’s policies; Married Octavian’s daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors
Tiberius Gracchus: Grandson of General Scipio; Elected tribune in 133BC; Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless. ; Very popular with the masses; Opponents organized a riot where he was killedThe senate where the opponents and they got away with killing Tiberius; He was very popular with the poor people; Scipio lead Romans into Zama;;; - some of the land could off came from the senators
torah: jewish scriptures that included teh first 5 books of the old testaments of the bible
trade increased after 133 bc because:: its safer for traders to go to other places; exotic things are in high demand; less people attacking
Trajan: Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the “Good Emperors”; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it’s height in size (about size of US)
tunics and togas: some of the clothing everyone had
turing point of first punic war:: rome builds navy bbsed on carthiginan ships; boarding bridges; trieme
turning point of third punic war:: senator cato - ended speeches with the words "... and Carthage must be destoryed"
Twelve Tribes of Isreal: Twelve sons s of Abraham's grandson Jacob(isreal)
wedding cake: offering to jupeter, 1st slice to jupeter then to the bride and groom
what are aqua ducts based on: gravity
what are imperial taxes: the emperors taxes, taxes on imports
what are indemnities?: money the looser pays the winer for damages and losses
What caused the church to become stronger and more established during the later years of the Roman Empire?: the rules of Diocletian and Constatine, because they joined the Christian faith and and also after violent experiences the people looked to Christianity as their only hope
What currency does modern italy use?: Euro
what did aquaducts combine: they combined beauty and function
what did Caesar do under his rule as sole ruler?: Increased Senate to 900, (reduced power); Gives land to the poor and veterans; Gave citizenship to the provinces; Created Julian calendar
What did caesar write that was read in the forum and what were they about?: he wrote “Commentaries on the Gallic War” about his conquests.
what did history begin with (which writing form)?: hyroglifics
what did octavian do under the second triumverate?: Eliminated thousands of Caesar’s opponents
what did Pontius Pilate fear: he feared revolt because of the such big croweds of christianity
what did the bride wear?: a white tunic and an orage veil and shoes
what did the colors represent: they represent the different teams
what did the preators do?: helped the consuls
What did the romans like to do with their food: make it visually appleasing
What did the tribunes do?: veto any other groups in the governments ideas
what did theodora contribue to the legal system?: christan women could own property to the dowry; women could sue for divorce; by law the husband couldnt beat the wife; widows were now able to rais their children
What do the Egyptians write in?: Hieroglyphics
What do the Sumerians write in?: Cuneiform
what does caligula's name mean?: “Little Boots”
what does circus mean?: ring
what does Gnaeus Pompey convince the Senate that Caesar .....?: is a threat and orders him to Rome
what does Haga Sophia mean?: Holy wisdom
what does He mean?: river
what does heterogeneous mean?: different
What does homogeneous mean?: same
what does it mean by shrewd officials?: they were sly and clever and they tricked
What does Mesopotamia mean?: the land between two rivers
what does nika mean?: conquer
What does pax romano mean?: roman peace
what does plain of latium mean?: men of wide plain
What does the flag symbolize?: green represents the country's plains and the hills; white, the snowy Alps; and red, the blood spilt in the Italian Independence wars.
What does triumverate mean?: rule of three
what factors lead to roman expansion?: the roman army; wise policies;
What factors lead to the eventual split of the chirstan church?: 1. can clergy marry? 2. who is the leader of the christan church. 3. use of icons
what happened in 450 bc?: the lawss where written down (first time plebaisns had accesss of goverment);
What happened on the 25th: the major explosion that really killed everyone
what is a "triumph"?: a victory parade when new land is conquered and its a parade honoring the generals
what is a bireme: a ship with 2 levels
what is a latifundia: a large estate made up of land
What is a mediterranian climate?: hot and dry in he summer midle and wet in the winter
what is a procounsul: a person who governed the provences for one year; appointed by senate; made sure taxes were collected
what is a publican: a tax collector in the provences; like censor in rome; appointed by senate
what is a republic: a form of government in which the people elect reporesentataives to run the goverment; a form of democracy
What is a samnite?: a type of gladiator that is heavily armoured
What is a thratian?: a type of gladiator that is lightly armoured
what is a trieme?: a ship with 3 levels
What is a wayhouse?: a rest area on roards; sleep there, new hourse roads, ext
What is an alpine climate?: cold and snowy
what is an anarchy?: when a place has no government at all
what is an aquaduct?: a system that transports water from one place to another
what is an oligarchy?: when a small group of people rule
what is autocratic: ruled by one
what is boarding bridges?: a ship would go right up to another shi and drop a bridge on it locking the boats together and then they would have a land fight
What is facism?: a form of government that involves total government controll; is usually headed by a dictator; values nationalism
what is greek fire: a liquid that would be thrown that could not go out with water.
what is hubris: excessive pride, and you think that you were god
What is the bible made up of: the old testiments and the new testiments
what is the bosporus?: a straight
What is the capital city: Rome
What is the fraction of the population of italians to the population of americans?: 1/3 but same geographical size
what is the hippodrome?: the circus maximus of constantinople
What is the nickname for Huang He?: Yellow river
What is the rounded population of Italy?: 60 million people
What is the rounded population of Usa?: 300 million people
what major problems is italy facing today?: pollution in water; illegal immagrants; organized crimes; high unemployed rate; terrorism; very low birthrate;
what problems brought about social change?: - patricians made up laws that favored them; plebians could marry into class; plebians couldnt hold office; plebians couldnt join the army; plebians could change the laws to favor them; laws werent written down
what problems can you come accross when studying history?: false information, bias, and prejudice
What problems happend while harvesting food?: the eventually moved because the calendar was missing 11 days, the days eventually changed.
what really killed the people: the sut and ash in the air because they didnt know how to exactly breath it
what seas do the bosporus connect?: the black sea and the sea or marmara
what type of government is Modern Italy?: a republic
what type of population is america?: heterogeneous
What type of population is italy?: homogeneous
what was hannibals secret wepond?: elephants
What was happening in the cities and farms during the roman decline?: the cities where becoming more crouded and there were diseases and shortages of supplies, and crime happening in the cities; in the farms people had to sell their land because they were not able to suppor the farm to keep it running and in good condtion
What was important to romans? (h): hygene was important
what was Justinains code really called: corpus Juris Civilis which means boy of civil law
what was some thing the laws said?: it banned debators slavery; some beliebains could hold gov. positions; any male could join the army
what was te earliest calander based on?: observations of nature
what was the city if constantinople named after before it was renamed?: Byzantium
what was the key for the strike?: every one had to be willing to hold out the strike
What were some of the skills the etruscian engeneers knew how to do?: Must Get
what what were the laws called and were where the put?: the 12 tables in the forum
what where romans baths back then like now: they were like spas
What where the dates of the pax romano?: 27 BC - 180 AD ; 200 Years
whats a forum?: a roman market place
When did history being?: 3000 bc
When did italy become independent and from whom?: 1861 from no one
when did mt. vesuvius explode?: 8/24/79 AD
when did rome become a republic?: 509 bc
when did the Ottoman turks finaly take over the city?: 1453 AD.
When did the patricians go to the villas?: during vacation or the summer
when did weeks come into the calendar?: came around for the jewish calendars
when not fighting the soldiers did?: other work that involes disipline and good skils
when was bronze discovered?: around 3000 bc
when was copper discovered?: around 4000 bc
when was iron discovered?: around 1200 bc
when was the begining of christianity: after jesuses ressurection
when was the colosseum finished and how long did it take?: around 80 AD and took around 10 years
when was the first actual civilization formed and who was it?: around 500 bc with the egyptians
When was the pax romano for the USA?: 1940's to 2006
when were the earliest cave paintings created?: 30,000 bc
When where Constantinople conquered by alexander the great?: around 300 bc
Where could romans also worship (polytheism)?: in their homes
Where did the patricians live during the year?: Palantine
where do we get the storys about jesus from: the new testiments
where does Gnaeus Pompey flee to?: Egypt where he is killed
Where does the nika rebelion start?: at the Hippodrome
where is Constantinople located?: on the bosporus
where is Gnaeus Pompey put incharge in the first triumverate?: Pompey is put in-charge of Rome (with all it’s problems) while Caesar wins fame and popularity conquering Gaul
Where is Mesopotamia located: between the Tigris River (top), and the Euphrates River (bottom)
Where is rome located?: on the tiber river
where was Caesar sent to for the first Triumverate?: to gaul
where was Licinius Crassus sent to and what happened there?: Sent to conquer land in the east, died in battle in 53 BC. Head cut off and filled with gold
Which cities where destoryed and on which side?: herculaneun (north side), pompii (south side)
Which civilizaiton did writing begin?: egyptians
which is longer history or prehistory and why?: prehistory because it was before writing, 3000 bc so it goes negativily backwards
Which seas surround the penunsula of greece: must get right ones
who contributed to democracy?: greeks
who crushed the slave revolt? who was the revolt lead by?: Licinius Crassus; lead by Spartacus
who did Caesar have an affair with?: Cleopatra
who did Julius Caesar form the first triumverate with and when?: Crassus and Pompey in 60BC
Who did the pax romano start with and end with?: Octavian (start) - Marcus Aurelius (end)
who does Gnaeus Pompey marry?: Marries Caesar’s daughter, cementing relationship
who else were an early settler on the italian pennunsula and where did they settle?: the greeks magna Gracia
who formed the second triumverate, with who and when?: Octavian in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar’s death
Who is Benito Mussolini?: prime minister 1922-1943; established fascist regime that valed nationalism, militarism, and anticommunism, combined with strict censorship and state propeganda; founded the facist party; exicuted in 1945; called Il Dulce which means the leader
Who is the current prime misnister and since when?: Romano Prodi since 2006
who split control of the empire after the second triumverate?: Octavian and Antony split control of empire
Who told justianian to leave who tells him to stay and why?: His advisors tell him to leave but Teodora tells him to say because she would rather dye royaly then not
Who united italy and what did he do?: King Victor Emmanuel he was the king of sandinia
Who wanted to be a gladiator and why?: normal people did because they wanted to become rich and famouse
Who was Aeneid?: a trojan prince; legenday founder of rome
Who was constantinople's old name named after?: Byzars a mergaran (a greek city state) leander
who was in the senate?: the wealtiest family of rome;
Who was rome named after (between the two brothers)?: Romelus
Who was Romelus and Remus: sons of mars; legendary founders of rome
who was the Last of the Julio Claudian emperors (related to Caesar)?: Nero
who was the procouncel of jeruslem during ** ad? (thirty): Pontius Pilate
Who were the first Romans?: the latins
Who wrote the Aeneid: Virgil, 60 BC
whool: cheapest, very breathable for summer, warm for winter
why are Justinian's code important now?: important now because it preserved the roman laws because during the time roman laws were lost
why did the people in the po river valley help hannibal?: they were against rome
why did the three form the first triumverate?: must get
why did they form the second triumverate?: must get
why do we study history?: so that we learn from the mistakes made so that they dont happen again and to appreciate contributions of ancestors
Why was it important to controll the tiber river?: because if flowed horizontally and traders had to cross it (since it was shallow enough), so you could controll who comes in and out of that area of italy
why was the roman army so good?: well trained, organized, disiplined, loyal; the soldiers were speedy, strong, and had much pratice
Why were the Blue and Green teams mad?: because justinian exicuted their leaders
Why why Constantinople such a good location?: trade for Eurpean and Asian trade ran through there
wise policies: the policies that explained citizenship to people
year: flood to flood, season to season