- Anaxagoras: created the theory that the sun was a ball of molten rock
- archon: archon
- Eurypides: greek playwright
- Herodotus: published his history in Athens
- Kimon's appeal: kimon's appeal
- Long Walls: walls built around athens, connect athens to piraeus
- Melos: greek island
- ostracism: banish (an unpopular or too powerful citizen) from a city for five or ten years by popular vote
- peace with Persia: Athens does this in preparation with Sparta
- Peloponnesian War: 431-404 B.C.E.
- Pericles: presiding genius in Athens during high summer of Greek culture
- Pheidias: built sculpture of the parthenon and olympia
- plague: hits athens twice, killes Pericles
- Socrates: a famous greek philosopher
- Sophists: traveling teachers of philosophy and rhetoric
- Sophocles: famous greek playwright
- the "first citizen": the "first citizen"
- the Parthenonon: temple of Athena, built in acropolis of Athens by Pericles
- the Sicilian Expidition: Athens sends large part of navy to attack sicily (fail miserably)
- Thucydides: wrote history of peloponnesian wars