take the root (take the -ons off the present 'nous' form), and add (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). the imperfect is always regular

imperfect

take the root (drop the -er from the infinitive) and add (-ai, -as, -a, -âmes, âtes, -èrent) (use extra 'e' in -ger except in 'ils' form. for -cer, add 'ç' instead of 'c' in all but the 'ils' form)

passé simple (er regular)

take the root (drop the infinitive ending (ir, er)) and add (-is, -is, -it, -îmes, îtes, irent)

passé simple (ir, re regular)

s'asseoir (ass-) conduire (conduis-), dire (d-), écrire (écriv), faire (f-), joindre (joign-), mettre (m-), naître (naqu-), peindre (peign-), prendre (pr-), rire (r-), voir (v-)

passé simple: some irregular verbs have their own stems, but use the -ir and -er passe simple endings

conjugate these like avoir (eu). boire (bu-), connaître (connu-), courir (couru-), croire (cru-), devoir (du-), falloir (fallu-), lire (lu-), pleuvoir (plu-), pouvoir (pu-), recevoir (reçu-), savoir (su-), valoir (valu-), vivre (vécu-), vouloir (voulu-)

passé simple: most irregular verbs that have a past participle ending in -u have a stem that resembles their past participle. their endings are (-s, -s, -t, -(cflex)mes, -(cflex)tes, -rent)

je fus, tu fus, il fut, nous fûmes, vous fûtes, ils furent

special passé simple: être

je mourus, tu mourus, il mourut, nous mourûmes, vous mourûtes, ils moururent

special passé simple: mourir

je vins, tu vins, il vint, nous vînmes, vous vîntes, ils vinrent

special passé simple: venir

je fallus, tu fallus, il fallut, nous fallûmes, vous fallûtes, ils fallurent

passé simple: falloir

j'eus, tu eus, il eut, nous eûmes, vous eûtes, ils eurent

passé simple: avoir

composed of the present subjunctive of the auxillary verb(être, avoir) with the past participle. que tu aies parlé. use it when the sentence is informal, and the action of the subordinate clause occurs before the action of the main clause

past subjunctive

for most verbs: drop the -ons from the present nous form, and add (-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent). most irregular verbs (like lire, écrire, and joindre) follow the regular pattern of adding the pres subj endings to the stem. (que je lise, que nous lisions) (que tu écrives, que vous écriviez) (qu'il joigne, que nous joignions)

present subjunctive

some irregular verbs (like boire, venir, and prendre) have changes in the stem that carry over into the pres subj. . The pres subj endings are added on. (que je boive, que nous buvions) (que je vienne, que nous venions) (que tu prennes, que vous preniez)

more on present subjunctive

some are irregular completely in the present subjunctive and have two stems. Aller: (que j'aille, que nous allions, qu'ils aillent). Avoir (que j'aie, que nous ayons, qu'ils aient). Être: (qu'il soit, que vous soyez, qu'elles soient). Vouloir: (que je veuille, que nous voulions, qu'ils veuillent). Valoir: (que je vaille, que nous valions, qu'ils vaillent)

even more on the present subjunctive

some are irregular completely and have one stem. Faire: (que je fasse, que nous fassions). Pouvoir (que je puisse, que nous puissions). Savoir: (que je sache, que nous sachions)

even even more on the present subjunctive

used after wanting, preferring, needing, make/forcing someone to do something, wishes, desires, necessities, emotions (fear, surprise or curiosity, happiness, sadness, annoyance), doubts, suppositions, and other more subjective conditions. imposition of will, evaluation and opinion, possiblity, negation of fact and opinion,

SUBJUNCTIVE uses (unfinished, i got bored, and also decided it was less useful than other stuff (for me) so go ahead and finish it if you want)

followed by indicative when affirmative, subjunctive when negative or interoggative. for penser and croire, if the speaker is certain in the negative or interoggative, use the indicative

penser, croire, espérer

use the ne after empêcher que, after fear, and after interoggative of douter que. also use after avant que, de crainte que, de peur que, and à moins que

ne

literary. -er verbs: add these endings to the stem (-asse, -asses, -ât, -assions, -assiez, -assent). for -ir, -re and irregulars: add these imperfect subjunctive endings (-sse, -sses, -(cflex)t, -ssions, -ssiez, -ssent) to the passé simple form minus the consonants of the ending [for regular -ir and -re, take off the infinitive endings, and add 'i'] . also, remove the cflexs from the nous and vous forms that are in the PS.

imperfect subjunctive

-cer have the 'ç' thoughout, and -ger have the extra 'e' thoughout.

more on the imperfect subjunctive

when the sentence is formal, and the main verb is in the past tense

using the imperfect subjunctive

fût-il = even if he were fût-ce = even if it were (formal, newspapers: the inverted third person singular imperfect subjunctive especially être mean 'even it'). even if he ate - mangeât-il. in informal french, use "même s'il était = fût-il", and "même si c'était = fût-ce"

imperfect subjunctive: even if he/even if it

Avoir: (que j'eusse, qu'il eût, que nous eussions). Être: (que je fusse, qu'il fût, que nous fussions). Faire: (que je fisse, qu'il fît, que nous fissions). Venir: (que je vinsse, qu'il vînt, que nous vinssions)

imperfect subjunctive (aller, être, faire, venir)

consists of the imperfect subjunctive of the auxillary verb(avoir[que j'eusse] or être[que je fusse]) with the past participle of the verb. use it when the main clause is in the past tense and the action of the subordinate clause happened before the action of the main clause and when the sentence is formal.

pluperfect subjunctive

in conditional sentences (si clauses) the pluperfect subjunctive can replace the pluperfect and the conditional in both parts of the sentence. s'il me l'eût dit, j'eusse compris. [why is there the direct object 'l' in the first part, but not in the second part??? it was in the book, but i didn't get it)

more pluperfect subjunctive. if he had told me, i would have understood

WHAT ARE THE OTHER ONEs??? and,,, can the pluperfect subjunctive replaace those too??

more conditional sentences?

used in informal french when the main clause is in the past tense but is not set in time (like an emotion), is ongoing, repeated, or incompleted past action. and the subordinate clause is in the present. (happening after the main clause [i think]. "i was sorry that he ate" = je regrettais qu'il mange

INFORMAL (imperfect, que, present subjunctive)

used in formal french when the main clause is in the past tense, but is not set in time, and when the action of the subordinate clause does not take place before the action of the main clause. "i was sorry that he ate" = je regrettais qu'il mangeât. "I was upset that he eats" =

FORMAL (imperfect, que, imperfect subjunctive)