Quizlet
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| 2 Layers of Tissue | ectoderm and endoderm |
| 2 Measures of Productivity: | GPP and NPP |
| 2 Opening Digestive System | flow allows for greater tissue specialization, more efficient |
| 3 Layers of Tissue | ectoderm and mesoderm and endoderm |
| 3 shapes of bacteria | cocci (spherical), bacilli (rods), spirilli (spirals) |
| 3 types of protists: | heterotrophic, photosynthetic, fungus-like slime molds |
| 3 types of protozoa | pseudopodia, flagella, cilia |
| 5 environmental factors we manipulated | light color, temperature, fertilization, pH, UV light |
| Abiotic Factors | nonliving factors; water, light, nutrients, temperature, soil type, topography |
| Acoelomate | no body cavity, mesoderm fills all space, small size, diffusion must occur across layers |
| Acoelomate | means: no coelom; examples - platyhelminthes (flat worms), tape worms, planaria |
| Actinopoda | have pseudopodia that are supported by a bundle of microtubules forming very slender axopodia; the axopodia extend outward through pores in the skeleton in all directions from the central spherical cell body (looks like snowmen cones) |
| Amoeba | Rhizopoda |
| Analogous Character | performs the same or similar functions but are structurally different |
| Analogous Structures | similar function but different structure - bat wings vs. bird wings |
| Ancestors to Land Plants | chloroplast structure, use of starch as polysaccharide storage, life cycle (alternation of generations), water required for fertilization |
| Angiosperm | dominant sporophyte |
| Angiosperms | flowering plants |
| Animals | eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, ingestive nutritional mode |
| Archae and Bacteria | unicelluar, cells alck nuclei and membrane bound organelles, some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs |
| Archaea | ancient bacteria |
| Asymmetric | type of body plant that has no type of symetry |
| Asymmetrical | do not have definite shape and has no symmetry |
| Attractant | advertises the reward - showy flowers, colors |
| Autotrophs | primary producers |
| Autotrophs | produce their own food |
| Bacilli Shape | rods |
| Bilateral | most animals, allows streamlining |
| Biotic Factors | living factors; other organisms: predators, parasites, competitors, mates |
| Carrying Capacity | the supportable population of an organism in the community |
| Cellular Respiration (R) | converts chemical energy in one form to chemical energy in more directly usable forms for the cells of organisms |
| Cilia include what phylums? | Ciliophora |
| Ciliophora | use cilia to move; movement appears directional; reverses direction w/ no obstructions; has the following organelles: oral groove, food vacuole, macronucleus, contractile vacuole; |
| Classification | groups organisms together based on shared characteristics; gives no information about organisms except for which characteristics were used to generate the classification |
| Co-evolution | is a long-term change that takes place in two species because of their close interactions with one another |
| Cocci Shape | spherical |
| Coelomate | cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm, blood vessels (circulatory system) is mesoderm, transport nutrients |
| Colonial Organism | organism that have cells that are less specialized, the removal of cells or splitting the organism does not affect its ability to live and function |
| Community Ecology | includes the study of all organisms that inhabit a given area |
| Convergent Evolution | results when different taxa solve a problem the same way; example: front fins of a fish & front flippers of a whale |
| Cyanobacteria | plantlike photosynthesizers, contain chlorophyll, abundant where ever there is water |
| Digestive System with One Opening | cnidarians |
| Divergent Evolution | an ancestral characteristic becomes adapted to new roles; example: human arms & wings of birds |
| Domains | bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
| Ecology | the study of how organisms interact with their environment |
| Ecosystem | includes the community of plants and animals plus the abiotic factors in an area |
| Eucoelomate | has 3 layers (e.t.) with organs in a cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm |
| Evolution | Change in the genetic make-up (allele frequency) of a population over time, Works on the population level over generations |
| Evolution of Flowering Plants | 150 MYA |
| Evolution of Green Algae | 600-500 MYA |
| Evolution of Land Plants | 500-475 MYA |
| Evolution of Seed Plants | 375 MYA |
| Evolution of Vascular Plants | 400 MYA |
| Evolutionary Trend In Plants | lessen the dependence on water |
| Evolutionary Trend In Plants | size (height) has increased through time |
| Extremophiles | organism that live in extreme enviroments |
| Flagella include what phylums? | Zoomastigiphora |
| Foraminefera | use pseudopodia; looks like a flower; chambers can be arranged in a single row, multiple rows, or wounded into a spiral |
| Fungi | multicellular heterotrophs, more closely related to animals than plants, digest food externally |
| Fungi Reproduction | sexually and asexually |
| Gene Pool | made up all the various alleles of all the genes in all the individuals of a population |
| Genetic Drift | changes in the gene pool that occur purely by chance; always influences gene frequencies, no matter the size of the population; may be strong enough to lead to the loss of certain alleles and the fixation of others |
| Genetic Equilibrium | is when there are no changes in allele frequency, no evolution occurs |
| Genetic Equilibrium requirements: | 1. large population 2. random mating 3. no gene flow 4. no mutation 5. no natural selection |
| Gross Primary Production (GPP) | the amount of energy photoautotrophs convert |
| Gymnosperms | seed plants |
| Halophiles | live in extremely salty environments |
| Heterotrophic protists are often called ______. | protozoa |
| Heterotrophs | don't make there own food |
| Homologous Character | have the same or similar structure but perform different functions |
| Homologous Structures | similar structure but different function - human arm vs. whale arm |
| How do bacteria move? | flagellum located at the end of a bacterium |
| How does cell division occur in eukaryotes? | binary fission |
| Human arm & Whale flipper | homologous characters |
| Human legs & Insect legs | analogous characters |
| Hyphae | thin filaments for nutrient absorbtion |
| Kingdoms | eubacteria, archaebacteria, plantae, protista, fungi, animalia |
| Lichens | often found on rocks and trees, are symbiotic associations of a fungus with photosynthetic partner, normally placed in ascomycota |
| Life Cycle | move from dominant gametophyte stage to sporophyte stage in plants that produce spores/gametes |
| Mass of Fungi | most is underground |
| Methanogens | live in extremely rich methane environments |
| Monophyletic Group | groups sharing a most recent common ancestor and including all descendants, also called a clade |
| Monophyletic Taxa | groups sharing a most recent common ancestor and including all of its decendents |
| Multicellular Organism | an organisms that has specialized cells that are integrated into tissues that are interdependent |
| Mycelium | mass of hyphae, main area of food absorbtion. |
| Mycorrihiza | kind of mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants |
| Net Primary Production (NPP) | the energy produced by autotrophs in excess over that used by heterotrophs and autotrophs; an indicator of the production of the entire community |
| Ovary | female gamete |
| Paraphyletic Group | taxon contains groupings of species with different common ancestors. |
| Paraphyletic Taxa | includes the common ancestor and some of but not all recent decedents |
| Parsimony | preference for the leaser complex explanation for an observation, |
| Photoautotrophs | harvest light energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| Phylogentics | the future of systematics using molecular data |
| Phylogeny | taxonomic system based on decent or evolutionary history |
| Phylogeny (noun) | a taxonomic system based on decent or evolutionary history |
| Phylogeny (verb) | the process by which species arise, provides a system for grouping organisms |
| Phylum Actinopoda | radiozoa |
| Phylum Annelida | bilateral coelomates - leaches and earthworms |
| Phylum Anthophyta | phylum that contains the flowering plants |
| Phylum Ascomycetes | a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens |
| Phylum Basidiomycota | mushrooms |
| Phylum Bryophyta | mosses |
| Phylum Cacillariophyta | diatoms |
| Phylum Chlorophyta | green algae |
| Phylum Chordata | our phylum |
| Phylum Chytridiomycota | allomyces |
| Phylum Ciliophora | paramecium |
| Phylum Cnidaria | jellyfish & anemones |
| Phylum Coniferophyta | conifers |
| Phylum Cycadophyta | Cycads |
| Phylum Dinoflagellata | dinoflagellates |
| Phylum Foraminifera | foraminifera |
| Phylum Ginkgophyta | ginko |
| Phylum Gnetophyta | phylum that contains Ephedra and Gnetum |
| Phylum Hepatophyta | liverworts |
| Phylum Lycophyta | club moss |
| Phylum Nematoda | hookworms, flukes, many parasitic |
| Phylum Phaeophyta | brown algae |
| Phylum Platyhelmonthes | planarians |
| Phylum Porifera | sponges |
| Phylum Pterophyta | ferns |
| Phylum Rhodophyta | red algae |
| Phylum Rizopoda | amoeba |
| Phylum Sphenophyta | horsetails |
| Phylum Zoomastigophora | trypanosoma |
| Phylum Zygomycota | rhizopus - black bread mold |
| Plants | multicellular autotrophs |
| Pollen Grain | male gamete |
| Polyphyletic Group | don't include the common ancestor |
| Polyphyletic Taxa | includes recent species but not their common ancestor |
| Population | consists of all the members of the same species hat live in one location |
| Population Ecology | includes the study of the distribution and abundance of a given species at a specified time in a specified place |
| Prokaryotes | bacteria and archaea; largely unicellular, lack a true nucleus, cell division occurs via binary fission |
| Protista | eukaryotic, single celled or colonial, auto or heterotrophic |
| Protists | eukaryotic, unicellular, filamentous, colonial |
| Pseudopodia include what phylums? | Rhizopodia, Foraminefera, Actinopoda |
| Psuedocoelomate | three layered bodeis with a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm |
| Psuedocoelomate | three layered bodies with a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm, not completely surrounded by mesoderm |
| Radial | parts arranged around a central axis |
| Rhizopoda | uses pseudopodia; no fixed body shape; naked; no shell/hard external coating; freswater/marine |
| Saprobic Fungi | responsible for decomposing dead plants and animals |
| Seed Plants | dominant sporophytes |
| Seed and Flower Plant | angiosperm |
| Seeds | evolutionary adaptation to house, protect, and nourish immature sporophyte |
| Slime Molds | do not have cell walls; made of chitin - colonial |
| Speciation | the evolutionary process or event by which new biological species arise |
| Species | groups which cannot be any further divided |
| Spirilli Shape | spirals |
| Sponges | masses of unspecialized cells |
| System | groups organisms based on the processes that caused the evolution of the characteristic; leads to generalizations about the organisms far beyond the specific features that led to their inclusion in a particular group |
| Systematics | tries to identify monophyletic groups |
| Systematics | the study of evolutionary history, study of the diversity of life on the plante earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time |
| Taxon | name classification unit to which individuals or set of species are assigned |
| Taxonomy | the describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms - 1.7 million described - 5-100 million more |
| Taxonomy | the branch of systematics devoted to the naming of organisms; uses a system of hierarchal classification to name organisms |
| Taxonomy | groups based on shared characteristics |
| The motile, experimental organism we used to study the effects of various biotic/abiotic factors on population growth: | Chlamydomonas |
| Thermophiles | live in extreme temperatures |
| True or False, A common feature shared by all fungi and animals is that they are multicellular? | false |
| Two ways to group organisms: | classification & phylogeny |
| Types of Dispersal | wind, water, self shot, attached to animals, eaten by animals |
| Using a phylogenetic approach, taxonomists can: | 1. determine which traits are most closely related 2. allow us to generalize about behavior patterns 3. help us look for cures and causes of disease; anticipate outbreaks |
| Vascular Tissue | arises only in sprorophytes - this allows for larger size, no requirement for water reproduction, height helps with dispersal |
| Vascular Tissue | evolutionary adaption to move substances |
| What is evidence to convergent evolution? | analogous characters |
| What is evidence to divergent evolution? | homologous characters |
| What is the point of examining dissolved oxygen levels? | Its a means of monitoring ecosystems |
| What might one alter when using popG? | population size, fitness values, mutation rate, initial allele frequency, number of generations |
| What must we use to see the bacteria? | dark field microscropy |
| Which type of factor is population dependent? | biotic |
| Which type of factor is population independent? | abiotic |
| Zoomastigophora | move by flagella; consists of heterotrophic, flagellated protists; may be free-living and parasitic; may live in symbiotic relationship with other organisms; example: Trypanosoma |
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