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All 98 Terms

Term Definition
nonspecific interior defense inflammation, phagocytosis, complement, and interferon
Leukocyte differential count a blood smear that can be used to diagnose problems or detects any abnormalities with the WBC
complete blood count a test that analyzes a mL of blood and is able to record values and abnormal shapes
inflammation hallmarks include: erythema, edema, heat, and pain. 1-cytokines are stimulated (C3b), 2-vasodilation, 3-chemokines attract phagocytes, 4- Nuetrophils and monocytes arrive
PMNL polymorphonuclear leukocyte.... nuetrophil
MNL a mononuclear leukocyte....monocyte
granulocytes PMNL, neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophils. these contain lysozyme, protease, DNAase, RNAase, and lipase....all of which can break down macromolecules
agranulocytes MNL-monocytes
Neutrophils phagocytes that are short lived. they live for about 2 days in our body, traveling around looking for things to destroy, they are nonspecific. they are the first to arrive at site of inflammation
respiratory burst the process of neutrophils when they start making free radicals...supraoxide. this activates more neutrophils to the site of injury
phagolysosome a phagosome... a granule of the ingested debri or microbe found in body....that is now bound to lysozyme. the end result is a digested bacteria
eosinophil the WBC found during 2 situations: allergies, and during parasitic infections
complement a serum protein, can break and bind to each other creating a cascade, will be involved in the classical or alternate, or the terminal complement cascade
classical cascade the cascade that occurs after the antibody is produced. the complement can bind to the antibody to act as an opsonin and help phagocytize
alternate cascade the cascade before the antibody is produced. the C3 hydrolyzes into C3a (an inflammatory mediator which recruits more neutrophils to the area) and C3b (an opsonin)
terminal complement cascade the effect that complement can effect on the cell wall. it can punch holes in it, it lyses, and dies
interferons a non-specific infection against viral infection. they are host specific, virus non-specific, and are induced by only some viruses.
beta interferons produced by tissue cells (fibroblasts). they are produced by viral-infected cells to cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins which interfere with the viral protein synthesis
B cells lymphocytes which release antibodies
T cells lymphocytes which play an influential role in the adaptive immune system
Antigen-presenting cell cells that can phagocytize an antigen/microbe; it destroys and antigen and spits it out as a peptide on the outsife of a cell. this activates the immune system. possible cells:macrophage, dendritic, langerhans, endothelial, and B lymphocyte
dendritic cells commonly found stationary in the lymphnodes and spleen
langerhans cells cells that are commonly found in the dermis
primary lymphoid organs matture B and T cells are produced by these organs. include bone marrow and thymus
secondary lymphoid tissue B and T cells are stored and interact here. include: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyer's patch
Thoracic duct a connection of the lymphatic circulatory system into the subclavian vein of the circulatory system
lymphoma cancer or tumor of the lymph node
active you are having an immune response and your body is making antibodies against the toxin
passive receiving antibodies produced by another organism
autoimmunity our immune system does not fight against itself
humoral response the body's response to antigens that B cells detect. cytokines are used to help the activated T cell mitose. plasma cells are released (which end up making more antibodies) as well as memory cells
cytotoxic T lymphocyte response a virus infects the cell, then pieces of the virus are presented on the outside and a CTL(CD8) comes along and produces perforins along with the assistance of CD4 which releases cytokins which help kill the viral infected cell
AIDS body kills off the CD4 and the CD8 are unable to completely lyse the infected cell.
IgM the antibody that is made in the first immune response, pentameter, unable to cross the placenta
IgG a major serum antibody, can cross the placent, monomer....may receive from shots
IgA an antibody that is secreted into the gut, mucous membranes, breast milk, dimer...may receive from oral vaccinations
IgE an antibody involved in hypersensity, allergy
IgD an antibody found on the surface of B cells, the function of it is not known
immunoregulation our body's ability to recognize itself, involve T suppressor cells or a danger signal that will shut the system down when enough is enough
Natural killer a cell that can kill some cancer cells and some are able to kill viral infected cells. it does not recognize Class I MHC, rather it is nonspecific and it recognizes the lack of something on the surface. not a B or T cell.
Trypanosome a protozoan that is able to change the proteins (antigens) on the surface of the cell often enough to trick the immune system.
Rhinovirus a virus that is able to attach and infect cells even after the antibody is bound to it.
adenovirus a virus that hids the presence of its infection; there is no protein embedded in the plasma membrane....therefore the immune system doesn't recognize it.
Immunodeficiency an inadequate immune response; AIDS and SCID
Hypersensitivity a robust immune response, this includes genetic defects and normal immune responses
Type I Immediate (Allergy) an immediate response, fast, ie: insect allergy, peanut allergy. can be local...hay fever, food allergy...or systemic....anaphalactic shock due to bee sting.
Sensitization some antigens are allergens and stimulate our body to produce IgE instead on IgG/A. The IgE is able to bind to mast cells all over the body. Upon this mast cells exposure to the allergen. the vasoactive amines will be released into the circulation to produce an allergic reaction
atopic describes a person who makes a lot of IgE
Anaphalaxis the loss of fluid from circulation, causes a great decrease in BP. this can cause bronchial constriction and can't breath.
mediators they are released from the mast cells and basophils. histamine and leukotrienes (SRS-A)
histamine a mediator that causes increased vascular permeability, dilates blood vessels, and constricts the smooth muscle of the bronchioles
leukotrienes mediators that constrict bronchioles
Food allergy when histamine is produced by mast cells in the intestines. The histamine causes the vessels to become leaky, and the smooth muscles of the diarrhea contract. it causes nausea and diarrhea.
bee sting a release of fluid throughout your body. the mast cells that are affected by the allergen can be found all over the body. It is dangerous for the lung tissue to get exposed to this inflammation or we will lose the ability to breath.
anti-histamine a short-term treatment that is able to block the ability of histamine to bind to smooth muscle or enter vessels
epinephrine a short-term treatment that is available to immediately reverse the constriction of smooth muscles.
desensitization shots a long-term treatment of exposing our body to small amounts of an allergen in order to make IgG. If your body can build up enough IgG, it will be able to block the allergen's attack.
Asthma a type of Type I sensitivity. due ti allergens or air pollutants. Smooth muscle constriction and inflammation happen at the same time. Na cromyln, acts like epinephrine.
cold induced activity similar to asthma, but stimulated by cold air. they need to use an inhaler. common in younger children, they often grow out of it.
Type II Cytotoxic a hypersensitivity experienced during blood transfusions, and in the hemolytic disease of newborns
ABO system if you have A blood, you will antibodies against B...so when exposed to B/AB blood you will have an agglutination reaction. AB reacts with nothing. and O is the universal donor...but agglutinates with all except itself
transfusion reaction the reaction of mismatched blood. can result in fever, vomiting, and shock
Hemolytic disease the mother is Rh+ and the fetus is Rh-. when the mother's blood is exposed to the fetus's blood, it will make an antigen, IgM. This antibody cannot cross the placenta and will have no effect on the first pregnancy. During the second pregnancy, the mother's IgM can make IgG which can cross the placenta and lead to the destruction of all the fetus's RBC
Rhogam (anti-rh antibodies) a drug that is used to clean up the babies blood from Gm + mothers blood before her body detects it. It phagocytizes them by neutrophils.
Type III Immune complex hallmarks: antigen/antibody complexes, amnt of them are removed by macrophages; lots of antibodies leads to small complexes; small complexes are able to get lodged in the capillaries -->complement activation of leukocytes -->chronic inflammation --> rash; often involved in autoimmune disorders
lupus an autoimmune disorder that is caused by anti-nuclear antibodies....type III
arthritis anti-IgG antibodies react with Rheumatoid factor, these complexes get lodged in joints and cause damage or completely destruction...type III
hepatitis chronic viral hepatitis can cause a destructive inflammation of blood vessels...type III
serum sickness can occur when proteins from animal serum is introduced itn o the body in medical treatments. complexes form that produce a hive-like rash along with swollen and tender joints.
Type IV Delayed Type hypersensitivity the result of certain TH cells, called TD because they have a delayed reaction. they can occur from 12 hours to several weeks after exposure. the TD cells produce lymphokines that cause tissue damage. no antibodies involved. Order of events: sensitization, secondary contact, and then a delay of 48 hours
urishol the oliy ingrediant that is able to penetrate the skin and causes our response to poison ivy. the body overreacts to a stimulus. clonal expansion occurs and at the second exposure all of these TD cells release lymphokines which leads to a big response (inflammation can spread but cannot be spread from person to person unless you also come into contact with this oil
severe combined immunodeficiency no B or T cells, congenital disease, the person needs a germ-free environment or a transplant.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome few T-helper cells, caused by HIV, and increases microbial (viral) infections
chronic granulomatous disease the body has non-functional nuetrophils, congenital disease, increases bacterial infections
isograft a transplant from a genetically identical twin
autograft a transplant from yourself. an organ is moved from one part of the body to another.
allograft a transplant from another person who is not genetically related.
xenograft a transplant from a different species
Major histocompatibility complex an identifier used on transplants. if this is too different, you may reject it. brothers and sisters are almost identical most of the time. this increases chances of success.
Human leukocyte antigen this encodes for MHC
bone marrow transplant bone marrow can attack host. before bone marrow, the hosts body needs to be given chemo in order to destroy their immune system. this way the body is not able to destory the new transplant.
cyclosporin an immunosuppressive drug.
immunosuppressive drug a drug that suppresses the immune system so the body will accept the graft. increase chance to get more colds
cancer these are diffeicult for the immune system to control because: they can attack the immune system itself, and then the immune system needs to kill itself; can be hard for the immune system to keep up with the rapidly dividing cells; some cells are able to cloak themselves so it is not detectable by the immune system
serological tests tests used to detect antibodies that have been made against the infectious agent or antigen, and detect infectious agents or antigens (aka assay)
enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay one example of an assay. some examples include: pregnancy test, Hep B test, HIV tests, rapid strep.
human chorionic gomadotrope the element that is found in the urine and determines the results of the pregnancy test. if the EPT test is working the control line will appear, if the other line appears, then the HCG was present in the urine and means she is pregers
rapid strep test a bead with antibodies on it is added to the serum, if the strep bacteria is present, they will agglutinate the beads together
cell membranes, plasma proteins, and blood/brain barrier barriers to drugs
prontosil a drug that is metabolized by the liver and is activated into a sulfa drug.
therapeutic index a fraction that defines the toxicity of a drug to us. "toxic dose/therapeutic dose)". if = 1/1, we can expect it is very toxic to humans, and a great risk of side effects
inhibit cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and folic acid synthesis modes of action against microbes....the targets of antimicrobial drugs
natural resistance mycoplasma resistant to penicillin b/c they don't have a cell wall, and many gram - bacteria are resistant to penicillin....the LPS outer membrane won't let drugs in.
acquired resistance antibiotics take out the antibiotic sensitive strains as well as our natural biota, and leaves the resistant ones. ie. staphylococcus aureus....chromosome mediated, R plasmids
chromosome mediated resistance a form of acquired resistance against drugs that is aquired over many years, BNA bacteria acquire mutations, and these mutations accumulate over the years.
R plasmids bacteria receive these through transformation, conjugation, and transduction. these are picked up by the bacteria, incorporated into future bacteria, and formed by mitosis
drug resistance Need to prevent overuse of antibiotics, tetracycline is commonly used in cattle feed to promote growth, if you do not take the proper dose for enough time you will create resistant bacteria, and insurance coverage is too cheap to run the necessary testing to find a medication that would independently work, so many people are on 2 antibiotics.
disc diffusion technique a test for antibiotic susceptibility testing. it isolates bacteria from patient in order to see what it is sensitized by. a sample is taken and put on a disk which will show a clearing zone. this indicateswhich antibiotics will work.

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Creator nicholhm
Created November 20, 2007
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nicholhm : Changed autoimmunty → our immune system does not fight against itself to autoimmunity → our immune system does not fight against itself
nicholhm : Changed beta inferons → produced by tissue cells (fibroblasts). they are produced by viral-infected cells to cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins which interfere with the viral protein synthesis to beta interferons → produced by tissue cells (fibroblasts). they are produced by viral-infected cells to cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins which interfere with the viral protein synthesis
nicholhm : Changed Trypanosomes → a protozoan that is able to change the proteins (antigens) on the surface of the cell often enough to trick the immune system. to Trypanosome → a protozoan that is able to change the proteins (antigens) on the surface of the cell often enough to trick the immune system.
nicholhm : Changed dendritic cell → commonly found stationary in the lymphnodes and spleen to dendritic cells → commonly found stationary in the lymphnodes and spleen
nicholhm : Changed desensitization shot → a long-term treatment of exposing our body to small amounts of an allergen in order to make IgG. If your body can build up enough IgG, it will be able to block the allergen's attack. to desensitization shots → a long-term treatment of exposing our body to small amounts of an allergen in order to make IgG. If your body can build up enough IgG, it will be able to block the allergen's attack.
nicholhm : Changed cell membranes. plasma proteins, and blood/brain barrier → barriers to drugs to cell membranes, plasma proteins, and blood/brain barrier → barriers to drugs
nicholhm : Changed inhibit cell wall formation, cell membrane, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and folic acid synthesis → modes of action against microbes....the targets of antimicrobial drugs to inhibit cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and folic acid synthesis → modes of action against microbes....the targets of antimicrobial drugs
nicholhm : Changed aquired resistance → antibiotics take out the antibiotic sensitive strains as well as our natural biota, and leaves the resistant ones. ie. staphylococcus aureus....chromosome mediated, R plasmids to acquired resistance → antibiotics take out the antibiotic sensitive strains as well as our natural biota, and leaves the resistant ones. ie. staphylococcus aureus....chromosome mediated, R plasmids
nicholhm : Changed eosinophils → the WBC found during 2 situations: allergies, and during parasitic infections to eosinophil → the WBC found during 2 situations: allergies, and during parasitic infections
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Most Missed Words

  1. cyclosporin → an immunosuppressive drug. - 4 misses
  2. dendritic cells → commonly found stationary in the lymphnodes and spleen - 3 misses
  3. Sensitization → some antigens are allergens and stimulate our body to produce IgE instead on IgG/A. The IgE is able to bind to mast cells all over the body. Upon this mast cells exposure to the allergen. the vasoactive amines will be released into the circulation to produce an allergic reaction - 3 misses
  4. Rhogam (anti-rh antibodies) → a drug that is used to clean up the babies blood from Gm + mothers blood before her body detects it. It phagocytizes them by neutrophils. - 3 misses
  5. Type III Immune complex → hallmarks: antigen/antibody complexes, amnt of them are removed by macrophages; lots of antibodies leads to small complexes; small complexes are able to get lodged in the capillaries -->complement activation of leukocytes -->chronic inflammation --> rash; often involved in autoimmune disorders - 3 misses
  6. chronic granulomatous disease → the body has non-functional nuetrophils, congenital disease, increases bacterial infections - 3 misses
  7. enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay → one example of an assay. some examples include: pregnancy test, Hep B test, HIV tests, rapid strep. - 3 misses