 | Term | Definition |
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pulmonary circulation |
one continuous loop of blood vessels that involves the lungs and airation of the air |
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systemic circulation |
one continuous loop of blood vessels that delivers blood to all muscles in the body |
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precordium |
the area on the anterior chest ovelying the heart and great vessels. |
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mediastinum |
the middle third of the thoracic cage between the lungs that contains the heart and the great vessels |
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superior and inferior vena cava |
some of the great vessels that return unoxygenated venous blood to the right side of the heart. |
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pulmonary artery |
the great vessels that leave the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries the venous blood to the lungs. |
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pulmonary veins |
return the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. |
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aorta |
the great vessel that carries the blood out of the heart to the body |
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pericardium |
a tough, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. it is adherent to the great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and pleurae and is anchored to the diaphragm |
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pericardial fluid |
a liquid contained within the pericardium, this ensures smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle. |
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tricuspid |
the right atrioventricular valve. it is open during diastole and closes for systole |
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bicuspid |
the left atrioventricular valve. it is open during diastole and closes for systole |
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chordae tendineae |
the collagenous fibers that anchor the valves' thin leaflets. |
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pulmonic valve |
the semilunar valve found in the right side of the heart, it is open during systole |
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aortic valve |
the semilunar valve found in the left side of the heart, it is open during systole |
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cardiac cycle |
the rhythmic cycle of blood through the heart |
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diastole |
the ventricles relax and fill with blood, takes up two thirds of the cardiac cycle |
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systole |
blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary and systemic arteries; this makes up 1/3 of the cardiac cycle |
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presystole |
the end of diastole, when the atria contract and pusf the last amount of blood into the ventricles |
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isometric contraction |
a brief moment when all 4 valves are closed, the ventricle walls begin to contract, and the system works to build pressure inside the ventricles to a high level. |
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isometric relaxation |
when all four valves close after systole concludes, meanwhile the atria have been filling with blood from the lungs. the pressure accumulates, causes the bicuspid to open, and the diastolic filling begins again |
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S1 |
the first heart sound that occurs with the closure of the AV valves and signals the beginning of systole |
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S2 |
the second heart sound that occurs with closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole. loudest at the base |
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S3 |
a ventricular gallop, an abnormal heart sound that is heard when ventricles are resistant to filling, during the early rapid filling phase. normally this is a silent event. |
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S4 |
an arterial gallop, found at the end of the diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resistant to filling. blood is pushed into a noncompliant ventricle, and creates these vibrations |
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murmur |
a gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on the chest wall. can be caused by turbulent blood flow. |
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sinoatrial node |
specialized cells near the superior vena cava that can initiate an electrical impulse. it is the pacemaker |
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foramen ovale |
an opening in the artial septum, into the left side of the heart, where it is pumped out through the aorta. about 2/3 of the blood is taken care of through this course. |
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ductus arteriosus |
a hole in the pulmonary artery that detours the oxygenated blood to the aorta. |
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angina |
a cardiac symptom that occurs when heart's vascular supply cannot keep up with metabolic demand. unlike chest pain which may also have pulmonary, musculoskeletal, or GI origin. |
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dyspnea |
shortness of breath |
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orthopnea |
the need to assume a more upright positiion to breathe |
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bruite |
a blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulance....often caused by atherosclerotic narrowing. normally no noise is heard. |
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hepatojugular reflex |
tested by having the pt lie supine, breathing quietly through mouth, and hold your R hand on the upper R quadrant of the person's abdomen. watch the jugular pulsations as you push in with your hand. hold for 30 sec, so the venous blood of the liver is drained and additional volume is added to the venous system. it heart is able to pump this additional blood, the veins will rise for a few seconds, and then recede back to previous level. |
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thrill |
a palpable vibration. signifies turbulent blood flow and is accompanied by loud murmurs |
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pulse defecit |
a signal of weak contraction of the ventricles. can be checked by comparing the apical beat to the radial pulse |
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fixed split |
a split in the heart sounds that is unaffected by respirations. the split is always there |
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paradoxical split |
the opposite of what you would expect. the sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration |
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innocent murmur |
a murmur that indicaties have no valvular or other pathogenic cause. generally soft, midsystollic, short, crescendo-decrescendo, a musical quality, often heard in the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space, and disappears with sitting |
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functional murmur |
a murmur that is due to increased blood flow in the heart |
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orthostatic hypertension |
a sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand. |
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capacitance vessels |
the term for veins because they have the ability to stretch. they have a large diameter and are more distensible to hold more blood. this reduces stress on the heart. |
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right lymphatic duct |
the lymph vessel of the right side of the head, neck, and thorax which empties into the right subclavian vein |
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thoracic duct |
the lymph vessel that drains the rest of the body |
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cervical nodes |
the lymph nodes that drain the head, and neck (chap 13) |
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axillary nodes |
the lymph nodes that drain the breast and upper arm (chap 17) |
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epitrochlear node |
thd lymph node found in the antecubital fossa and drains the hand and lower arm |
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inguinal nodes |
the lymph nodes in the groun which drain most of the lymph of the lower extremity, the external genitalia, and the anterior abdominal wall |
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spleen |
an organ of the lymphatic system which is located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen. it works to 1) destroy old RBC, 2) produce antibodies, 3) store RBC, 4) filter microorganisms from the blood. |
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tonsils |
palatine, adenoid, and lingual...located at eh entrance to the respiratory and GI tracts and respond to local inflammation |
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arteriosclerosis |
the gradual increase of rigidity of the blood vessels due to age. produces a rise in systolic BP |
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modified Allen test |
evaluates the adequacy of collateral circulation prior to cannulating the radial artery. after occluding the ulnar and radial arteries while the person makes a fist several times, the hand will blanch. then open the hand, release pressure from the arteries, and normal color should return in 2-5 seconds. |
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myocardium |
the muscular wall of the heart |
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endocardium |
the thin layer of cells that lines the inner surface of the heart. |
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click |
an abnormal sound heard from the heart that is heard in early systole, and due to vibrations in the artery distal to a stenoic valve (narrowed and less complacent valve) |
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pericardial friction rub |
a creaking sound heard with pericardial inflammation, changes with position and is louder with aspirations |
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hollistic murmur |
a murmur heard during systole and diastole |
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systolic murmur |
a murmur that takes place only during systole |
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jugular venous distension |
a pertinent negative that we don't want to find. is indicative of not enough blood being pumped into the right side of the heart. should not be able to feel pulse, best assessed at 45 degree angle, will indicate excess fluid in the body |
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digoxin |
drug that causes decreased heart rate. slows rate, but increases the strength of the heart. |
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pulse, pain, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis |
5 Ps of arterial insuffuciency |
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syncope |
caused by a transient decline in blood flow, fainting |
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Holman's sign |
a test for deep vein thrombosis in the calf. push up on the upper foot if they have pain in the leg |
