 | Term | Definition |
| |
Introduction |
prepare the audience to hear the speech; previews what's to come |
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Conclusion |
ensure that the audience remembers the speech and reacts in a way that the speaker intends |
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supporting material |
examples, stories, testimony, facts, or statistics |
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first several minutes |
audience memkbers will decide whether they are interested in the topic of your speech, believe what u say, or give u full attention |
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gain audience's attention |
telling a story, posing questions, saying something startling, using humor, referring to the occasion |
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anecdote |
a brief story of interesting, humorous, or real-life incidents |
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rhetorical questions |
a question that doesn't invite an actual response but just makes the audience think |
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preview statement |
identifies the main points of the speech, thus helping audience members to mentally organize the speech structure |
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good conclusion |
signals close, summarizes key points, reiterates topic and purpose, challenge audience to respond, memorable |
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call to action |
a challenge to see the problem in a new way, change their beliefs about a problem |
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style |
specific word choices |
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rhetorical devices |
techniques of language |
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cultural sensitivity |
being considerate of cultural beliefs, norms, or traditions different from our own |
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biased language |
language that relies on unfounded assumptions;negative descriptions; or stereotypes or a given group's age, class, gender etc. |
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jargon |
specialized language of a given profession |
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abstract language |
need to avoid |
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figures of speech |
rhetorical devices that make striking comparisons that help the listener to visualize, identify with, and understand your ideas |
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simile |
explicitly compares one thing to another using like or as |
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metaphor |
compares 2 things by describing one thing as actually being the other |
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analogy |
extended metaphor or simile that clarifies an unfamiliar concept by comparing it to a more familiar one |
| |
slander |
defamatory speech |
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malapropism |
the inadvertent use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it |
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voice |
feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action |
| |
active voice |
subject performs the action |
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passive voice |
subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action |
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anaphora |
the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences |
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alliteration |
the repitition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants in 2 or more neighboring words or syllables |
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parallelism |
the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form |
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antithesis |
setting off 2 ideas in balanced opposition |
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good characteristics for a speaker |
natural, enthusiastic, confident, and direct |
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methods of delivery |
speaking from manuscript, speaking from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously |
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speaking from manuscript |
read a speech verbatim |
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speaking from memory |
oratory |
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speaking impromptu |
speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare |
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speaking extemporaneously |
prepare well and practice in advance but speak from an outline or key words and phrases |
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volume |
relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech |
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pitch |
the range of sounds from high to low or vice versa |
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speaking rate |
pace at which you convey speech |
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pauses |
enhance meaning by providing a type of puncuation |
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vocal variety |
enthusiasm |
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pronunciation |
the correct formation of word sounds |
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articulation |
the clarity or forcefullness with which the sounds are made |
| |
mumbling |
slurring words together at a low volume and pitch |
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body language |
facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements |
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scanning |
being able to look at every person in the crowd |
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talking head |
a person that remains steadily in position behind a mic or podium |
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persuasive speech |
a speech used to influence beliefs values and acts of others |
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logos |
appeals to reason and logic |
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arguments |
stated positions with support for or against an idea or issue |
| |
pathos |
appeals to emotions |
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ethos |
moral character |
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hierarchy of needs |
BASIC NEEDS RANGING FROM THE ESSENTIAL, LIFE SUSTAINING ONES TO THE LESS CRITICAL SELF IMPROVEMENT |
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central processing |
being motivated and able to think critically about a message |
| |
logical fallacy |
false or erroneous statement |
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target audience |
knows about the topic and how they stand in relation to it |
| |
problem solution pattern |
commonly used to design for persuasive speeches |
| |
motivated sequence |
five step process the begins with arousing listeners attention and ending with calling for action |
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monroes five steps |
attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action |
| |
comparitive advantage pattern |
speech points are organized to show how your viewpoint or proposal is superior to one or more alternatives |
| |
refutation organizational pattern |
each main point addresses then disproves an opposing claim to your position |
| |
speech of intro. |
speech used to prepare or warm up the audience for speaker |
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canned |
a speech that the speaker uses again and again in different settingsd |
