 | Term | Definition |
| |
Heavy Plow |
part of the agricultural revolution; improved planting efficiency |
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Collar Harness |
part of the agricultural revolution; improved planting efficiency |
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Three Field System |
part of the agricultural revolution; farming technique that left one field out of three sallow for a year to replenish the soil |
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Bourgeoisie |
townspeople not attached to land |
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Guilds |
groups of artisans sharing similar hours, wages, products and prices |
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Common Law |
law system developed by judges sharing case files with each other |
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The Doomsday Book |
book of taxes |
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Muhammad |
born in Mecca, founder of Islam |
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Mecca |
birthplace of Muhammad, holiest site in Islam |
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Medina |
town to which Muhammad and his followers fled to escape persecution |
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Hijra |
the flight to Medina |
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The Quran |
the transcription of Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel |
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Ali |
Muhammad's nephew and one of Islam's leaders after his death |
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Seljuk Turks |
invaded Asia Minor preceeding the First Crusade |
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Urban II |
requested the First Crusade, against the Seljuk Turks |
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Clermont |
site at which Urban II requested the First Crusade |
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Peter the Hermit |
persecuted Jews during the Peoples' Crusade |
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Simony |
the purchasing of church offices |
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Investiture |
the practice of giving authority symbols to church officials |
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Excommunication |
being cut off from the church |
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Gregory VII |
strong advocate of increased papal power |
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Henry IV |
challenged Pope Gregory VII |
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University of Paris |
specialized in theology, salaries paid by the church |
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University of Bologna |
specialized in law, salaries paid by students |
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Courtly Love |
relationship between a knight and his mistress, an essential element in the Romance stories |
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Chivalry |
code of conduct and honor for a knight |
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Tournaments |
started out as brutal and dangerous, later became more refined and like a game |
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Romances |
love stories about knights |
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Romanesque Architecture |
characterized by huge, thick stone walls with small windows |
| |
Gothic Architecture |
characterized by pointed arches, high ceilings, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows |
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Bubonic Plague |
symptoms began with black pustules on the skin, followed by internal hemorrhaging, then usually death |
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Rat Flea |
the carrier of the Bubonic Plage, and a hardy survivor that can live in almost any conditions |
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Flagellant Movement |
the practice of beating oneself with whips to drive out evil |
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Edward III |
laid claim to the French throne, began the Hundred Years' War |
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Joan of Arc |
peasant French girl, saw visions and led the French army to victories |
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The Long Bow |
crucial element in England's victory over France in the Hundred Years' War |
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Jacquerie |
peasant revolt in France |
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Philip IV |
taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support |
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Boniface VIII |
Pope that struggled against Philip IV |
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Babylonian Captivity |
when Clement V remained in France and established the seat of the papacy in Avignon |
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The Conciliar Movement |
refers to the election of two separate popes by the Council of Pisa and the Council of Constantine |
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The Great Schism |
developed after the Conciliar Movement, refers to the time when there were two separate churches and popes |
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John Wycliffe |
disagreed with much church doctrine; advocated the translation of the Bible |
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Dante |
Italian satirist, wrote "The Divine Comedy," |
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The Divine Comedy |
satirical poem composed by Dante, an allegorical description of hell |
