 | Term | Definition |
| |
motivation |
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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instinct |
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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drive-reduction theory |
the idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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homeostasis |
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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incentives |
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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hierarchy of needs |
(Maslow) pyramid or human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
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self-actualization needs |
needs to live up to one's fullest and unique potential |
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esteem needs |
need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others |
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belongingness and love needs |
need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation |
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safety needs |
need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable |
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physiological needs |
need to satisfy hunger and thirst |
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glucose |
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
| |
lateral hypothalamus |
the sides of the hypothalamus which bring on hunger |
| |
ventromedial hypothalamus |
the lower middle part of the hypothalamus which depresses hunger |
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basal metabolic rate |
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| |
set point |
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
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ghrelin |
a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach |
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PYY |
a digestive hormone that suppresses appetite |
| |
orexin |
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus |
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insulin |
hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose |
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drive |
ex. hunger, thirst (desire for internal stability) |
| |
sexual response cycle |
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
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refractory period |
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
| |
interviewer illusion |
interviewers often overrate their discernment; phenomenon labeled by psychologist Richart Nisbett (1987) |
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360-degree feedback |
you rate yourself, your manager will rate you, you will rate your manager, and your peers and customers will rate you both |
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flow |
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills |
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industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology |
the application of psychology concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
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personnel psychology |
a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
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organizational psychology |
a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change |
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structured interviews |
interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
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achievement motivation |
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard |
| |
theory X |
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above |
| |
theory Y |
assumes that, given challenge, and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity |
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job |
make $, unfulfilling |
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career |
opportunity to advance to a better position |
| |
calling |
socially useful activity, satisfying |
