Set: american cit exam

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All 166 Terms

Term Definition
14TH AMENDMENT defines a citizen as anyone “born or naturalized in the United States”
24TH AMENDMENT Ended the poll tax, allowed a citizen to vote in a presidential or congressional election, whether they could pay or not to benefit the lower-class citizen, banned poll taxes in both state and national elections
3/5 COMPROMISE every 5 slaves counts as 3 people when considering the population of a state
ABSOLUTE MONARCHS a monarch that has complete and unlimited power to rule their people
ACID RAIN when coal-burning factories release sulfur dioxide gas into the air, and it mixes with water vapor, it falls to the earth
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION programs to try to make up for past discrimination
ALIENS non citizens
ANTI-FEDERALIST opposed the Constitution and felt that it gave too much power to the national government and took too much away from the states
APARTHEID system of laws that separated racial and ethnic groups and limited the rights of blacks in South Africa
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1st constitution for the US; Set up a 1 house legislature; couldn’t enforce laws, pay taxes, and couldn’t amend unless all states agreed
AUTHORITARIAN a government where one leader or group of people holds absolute power
BALANCE OF TRADE the difference between the value of a nation’s exports and its imports
BANDWAGON persuasive, everyone is voting for me so you should too
BICAMERAL the government is divided into two parts, or houses
BILL OF RIGHTS first 10 amendments
CAPITAL previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services, these are the tools, machinery, and buildings used to make products
CAPITALIST SYSTEM a system where private own most, if not all, of the means of production and decide how to use them within legislated limits
CARD STACKING when you show what you have done for a past issue, not an issue for the greater good
CENSORSHIP government cannot ban printed materials or films merely because they contain alarming or offensive ideas, cannot censor info before it is published
CHECKS AND BALANCES Each branch of government is able to check the powers of the other branches to make sure that one branch doesn’t become too strong
CITIZENSHIP the rights and privileges of a citizen
CIVICS the study of the rights and duties of citizens
CIVIL LIBERTIES the freedoms we have to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair treatment
COERCIVE ACTS restricted colonies rights
COLLECTIVE FARM small holdings that were combined to work jointly by groups of peasants under government supervision
COMMON LAW a system of law based on precedent and customs
COMMUNIST PARTY one class would evolve, property would all be held in common, and there would be no need for government; the central government directs all major economic decisions
COMPETITION the struggle that goes on between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices
COMPLEMENTS they are used together
CONCURRENT POWERS Powers that both levels of government can exercise, examples: power to collect taxes, borrow money, and set up courts and prisons
CONSTITUTION written plan for government
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION the meeting in Philadelphia where they "revised" the Articles
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES the power of the hereditary ruler is limited by the country’s constitution and laws
CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY describes the consumer as the “king”, or ruler of the market, the one who determines what products will be produced
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS requires you to compare the marginal costs and marginal benefits of a decision
COURT OF JUSTICE world court (ex. trading over seas)
DECLARATORY ACT Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonist
DEMAND the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service
DEMAND CURVE a graph that shows the amount of a product that would be bought at all possible prices in the market
DEMAND ELASTIC each change in price causes a relatively larger percentage change in quantity demand; reduce prices, sales increase – vice versa, when there are attractive substitutes, expensive items, if purchase can be postponed until later
DEMAND ELASTICITY the extent to which a change in price causes a change in the quantity demanded
DEMAND INELASTIC price changes have little effect on the quantity demanded; turkey at Thanksgiving, few substitutes, we are going to buy it no matter what the price
DEMAND SCHEDULE a table that lists the various quantities of a product or service that someone is willing to buy over a range of possible prices
DEVOLUTION transferring power to local authorities
DICTATORS a ruler who exercises complete control over a state
DIRECT DEMOCRACY all the citizens met to debate government matters and vote first-hand
DIRECTION Is public opinion on any given topic positive or negative?
DISCOUNT RATE the rate the Fed charges member banks for loans
DISCRIMINATION unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group
DIVISION OF LABOR the breaking down of a job into separate, smaller tasks, which are performed by different workers
DYNASTIES families that hold power for many generations
ECONOMICS the study of how we make decisions in the world where resources are limited
EITC gives tax credits and even cash payments to qualified workers
ELECTORAL COLLEGE A group of people who would be named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
ELECTORAL VOTES depending on the states population, is how many electoral votes they have, the people in the state vote for the president if that state has a big population then their votes will count for more
ENDORSEMENTS someone famous backing you up
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRUCTION coal burning factories, industries and motor vehicles, and acid rain are examples of things destroying the environment; we reduce pollution through conservation to help this issue
EQUILIBRIUM PRICE the points at which supply and demand achieve balance
EXCHANGE RATE what the price of your nation’s currency is in terms of another’s currency
EXECUTIVE BRANCH carries out the laws
EXPRESSED POWERS Powers specifically granted to the national government
FACTOR MARKETS the markets where productive resources are bought and sold
FCC a way the government regulates broadcasting, cannot censor broadcast, can penalize stations that violate rules
FEDERALISM form of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the states
FIXED COST costs, or expenses that are the same no matter how many units of a good are produced, examples are mortgage payments and property taxes
FOMC the most powerful committee of the Fed, because it makes the decisions that affect the economy as a whole by manipulating the money supply
FREE TRADE convincing other countries not to pass laws that block or limit trade
GDP it is the total value, in dollars, of all the final goods and services produced in a country during a single year; gross domestic product
GENOCIDE the deliberate killing of a racial or cultural group
GEORGE WASHINGTON Head of the Constitutional Convention, meaning that he led all of the meetings, and the people loved him
GLITTERING GENERALITY statement for candidate to look good, no backing up issue though
GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE people and nations all over the world now depend upon one another for many goods and services
GLOBALIZATION individuals and nations working internationally across barriers of distance, culture, and technology
GREAT COMPROMISE Combines the Virginia and New Jersey Plan, creates 2 houses: the Senate which had 2 members for each state (New Jersey), and the House of Representatives which was based on the population of the state (Virginia)
HOUSE OF COMMONS Serve five-year terms; LAWMAKERS
HOUSE OF LORDS Highest court of appeal
HUMAN RIGHTS the fundamental rights that belong to every person on earth
IMMIGRANTS people who move permanently to a new country
IMPLIED POWERS powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the Constitution
INCENTIVES reward offered to try to persuade people to take certain economic actions
INFLATION when the production of goods and services cant keep up with the growth in demand and prices begin to rise
INTENSITY refers to the strength of opinion on a given issue
INTEREST GROUPS people who share a point of view about an issue sometimes unite to promote their beliefs in a group
INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS courts with authority from the UN to hear cases and make judgments about violations of international human rights law
INTERNATIONALISM the idea that nations should cooperate to promote common aims, such as supporting economic development and fighting terrorism
INTOLERABLE ACTS Coercive acts; restricted colonies rights
JUDICIAL BRANCH interprets and applies the laws
JURISDICTION A courts authority to hear and decide cases
LABOR the nations labor force or human resources
LABOUR PARTY Gordon Brown; More active role for government; Democrat party
LAW OF DEMAND quantity demanded and price move in opposite directions
LAW OF SUPPLY the principle that suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices than at lower prices
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH lawmakers
LIBEL spreading lies that are PRINTED
LOBBYIST representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly to influence their policy making
MARKET ECONOMY system where individuals own the factors of production and make economic decisions through free interaction
MAYFLOWER COMPACT It was the 1st example of direct democracy; all men can vote, and majority rules
MERCANTILISM the theory that a country should sell more goods to another country than it buys
MIXED ECONOMY combines basic elements of a pure market economy and a command economy; combines characteristics of more than one type of economy
MONETARY POLICY involves controlling the supply of money and the cost of borrowing money according to the needs of the community
MULTINATIONALS firms that do business or have offices or factories in many countries
NAME CALLING tear the other candidate apart
NATURAL RESOURCES all the “gifts of nature” that make production possible
NATURALIZATION the legal process to become a citizen, and there are 2 ways: by birth and by foreigners who choose to become citizens
NEEDS required for survival, such as food
OPPORTUNITY COST the cost of the next best use of your time or money when you choose to do one thing rather than another
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION the authority to hear cases for the first time
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM 3 branches of government (executive and legislative branches are one); Prime Minister chosen by members of Parliament; some one other than the Prime Minister could be head of state
PATRIOTISM love for one’s country
PLAIN-FOLKS candidate acting like a normal person to relate to us
POLLS allows officeholders to keep in touch with citizens changing ideas about issues, officials don’t have to wait until the next election to see if the people approve or disapprove of government policies
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY the notion that power lies with the people
PRECEDENT a ruling in an earlier case that was similar
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE presiding officer of the Senate if the Vice President is absent, Robert Byrd
PRICE 1. Prices in a competitive market do not favor either the producer or the consumer; 2. Buyers and sellers react to the new level of prices and adjust their consumption and production accordingly; 3. Consumers have the freedom to choose between a variety of products at a wide range of prices; 4. Allows us to make decisions quickly and efficiently
PRICE CEILING a government-set maximum price that can be charged for goods and services
PRICE FLOOR a government minimum price that can be charged for goods and services, more common, and can prevent prices from dropping too low
PRIME MINISTER the leader of the executive branch of a parliamentary government
PRODUCT MARKETS markets where producers offer goods and services for sale
PRODUCTIVITY a measure of the amount of output produced by a given amount of output produced by a given amount of inputs in a specific period of time
PROFIT the amount of money left over after all the costs of production have been paid
PROTECTIONISM when a country tries to protect their industries from foreign competition by placing tariffs on imports, this often harms the economy of other nations and the global economy
PUBLIC OPINION includes the ideas and attitudes that most people hold about elected officials, candidates, government, and political issues
PUBLIC POLICY a course of government action to achieve community goals
REPUBLIC any representative government headed by a president or similar leader, rather than someone who inherits the position
RESERVE POWERS powers granted ONLY to the states
RESERVE REQUIREMENT the fed can higher it or lower it for member banks so they leave more money with the Fed or give the banks more money to lend
ROLE OF MEDIA they regulate and protect the media
SANCTIONS measure such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign government’s action
SATELLITES nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another, more powerful country
SCARCITY when we don’t have enough resources to produce all of the things we would like to have
SECRETARY GENERAL the chief executive officer of the UN, 5 year term limit of 2 terms and appointed by General Assembly
SECURITY COUNCIL The UN’s peacekeeping arm; has 5 permanent members trying to keep peace, each member has 1 vote, 10 nonpermanent members (2 years)
SEGREGATION social separation of the races
SHORTAGE the amount by which the quantity demanded is higher than the quantity supplied
SOCIALISM the belief that means of production should be owned and controlled by society, either directly, or through the government
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE Nancy Pelosi; calls Senate to order and keeps the meetings going
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS an organization of people with some common interest who try to influence government decisions
SPECIALIZATION takes place when people, businesses, regions, and even countries concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better than anyone else
STABILITY how firmly people hold their views; people’s opinions are less likely to change when they have a firm belief about a topic
STANDARD OF LIVING the quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier
STEPS TO BECOME A CITIZEN Step 1: sign declaration of intention; Step 2: Filed with immigration and naturalization service; Step 3: live in the US for 5 years (take classes-optional, which is for the exam they have to take); Step 4: interview with an agent; Step 5: take exam; Step 6: go to a ceremony and pledge your allegiance to the US
SUBSIDY a government payment to an individual, business or other group for certain actions
SUBSTITUTES competing products, called this because consumers can use one in place of the other
SUFFRAGE the right to vote
SUPPLY the various qualities of a good or service that producers are willing to sell at all possible market prices
SUPPLY CURVE a graph that shows the amount of a product that would be supplied at all possible prices in the market
SUPPLY ELASTICITY a measure of how the quantity supplied of a good or service changes in response to changes in price
SUPPLY INELASTIC if a quantity changes very little when prices go up or down; products that require producers to invest large sums of money in order to produce them (wedding dresses, digging for oil)
SUPPLY SCHEDULE illustrates the law of supply
SURPLUS the amount by which the quantity supplied is higher than the quantity demanded
SYMBOLS things that represent things, like the eagle
TARIFF a tax on an imported good
TOTALITARIAN the governments control extends to almost all aspects of peoples lives, typically have a master plan for the economy and society
TOWNSHEND ACTS Tax on goods imported to the colonists
TRADE DEFICIT whenever the value of the products it imports exceeds the value of the products it exports
TRADE OFF the alternative you face if you decide to do one thing rather than another
UNITARY centralized
UNITARY SYSTEM power is centralized, gives all key powers to the national or central government
UNITED NATIONS Maintain peace; Develop friendly relations among nations; Promote justice and cooperation; Seek solutions to global problems
UTILITY the pleasure, usefulness, or satisfaction we get from using the product
VARIABLE COST expenses that change with the number of products produced, examples are wages and raw materials
VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions
WORKFARE programs that require welfare recipients to exchange some of their labor in return for benefits
MEDIUM a way of communicating
STATE COUNCIL highest executive or general of state power in the people’s republic of China
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Set Information

Terms 166
Creator Online now kmiller4
Created January 7, 2008
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Tag mollaun
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awinstel : this exam is going to be so hard
kmiller4 : Changed SUPPLY ELSTICITY → a measure of how the quantity supplied of a good or service changes in response to changes in price to SUPPLY ELASTICITY → a measure of how the quantity supplied of a good or service changes in response to changes in price
kmiller4 : Changed SYMBOLS → things that represent symbols like us, Americans to SYMBOLS → things that represent things, like the eagle
kmiller4 : Changed SANCTIONS → measure such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign a foreign government’s action to SANCTIONS → measure such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign government’s action
kmiller4 : Changed DECLARATORY ACT → Parliamentary had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonist to DECLARATORY ACT → Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the colonist
kmiller4 : Changed DEMAND ELASTICTY → the extent to which a change in price causes a change in the quantity demanded to DEMAND ELASTICITY → the extent to which a change in price causes a change in the quantity demanded
kmiller4 : Changed COERCIVE ACTS → (Intolerable Acts); restricted colonies rights to COERCIVE ACTS → restricted colonies rights
kmiller4 : Changed CAPITAL → also called capital goods, previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services, these are the tools, machinery, and buildings used to make products to CAPITAL → previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services, these are the tools, machinery, and buildings used to make products
awinstel : finished with my rel. exam
Last Message: 7 months ago

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Most Missed Words

  1. CAPITALIST SYSTEM → a system where private own most, if not all, of the means of production and decide how to use them within legislated limits - 30 misses
  2. MARKET ECONOMY → system where individuals own the factors of production and make economic decisions through free interaction - 26 misses
  3. MERCANTILISM → the theory that a country should sell more goods to another country than it buys - 26 misses
  4. ABSOLUTE MONARCHS → a monarch that has complete and unlimited power to rule their people - 25 misses
  5. COLLECTIVE FARM → small holdings that were combined to work jointly by groups of peasants under government supervision - 25 misses
  6. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES → the power of the hereditary ruler is limited by the country’s constitution and laws - 24 misses
  7. RESERVE POWERS → powers granted ONLY to the states - 24 misses