 | Term | Definition |
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What are the different ways human traits are controlled by? |
they are controlled by single genes with two alleles, single genes with multiple alleles, and traits controlled by many genes |
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Multiple Alleles |
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
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What are the different blood types? |
A, B, AB, and O |
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What are the different genotypes for blood group A? |
AA or Ai |
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What are the different genotypes for blood group B? |
BB or Bi |
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What are the different genotypes for blood group AB? |
AB |
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What are the different genotypes for blood group O? |
ii |
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Why do some traits exhibit a large # of phenotypes? |
They have more phenotypes because they are controlled by many genes. |
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Sex Chromosomes |
they carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female, they also carry genes that determine other traits |
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What sex chromosomes does a female inherit? |
XX |
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What sex chromosomes does a male inherit? |
XY |
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Sex-Linked genes |
genes on the X and Y chromosome that passed from parent to child |
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Carrier |
a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele |
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What is the sex of a person who is a carrier for colorblindness? |
Woman are carriers for colorblindness |
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Why are carriers woman? |
Woman are carriers because the gene for colorblindness is on the X chromosome so since girls have two X chromosomes the recessive colorblind gene can be cancelled out by the second X chromosomes while guys only have one X chromosome so if they inherit the gene from their mother they will be colorblind. |
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Are your genes the only factor in how you turn out? |
No, your environment can effect how you turn out |
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How can environmental factors affect a person's height? |
If in your environment there isn't much protein or certain minerals and you don't get enough of them in your diet you might not grow as tall as you can. |
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Genetic disorder |
an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes |
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What are some genetic disorders caused by? |
They are caused by changes in the DNA of genes and by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes. |
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Pedigree |
a chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait |
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What is one device geneticists use to trace inheritance patterns of a disorder? |
they use pedigrees |
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Karyotype |
a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell |
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How are people with genetic disorders helped? |
they are helped through medical care, education, job training, and other methods |
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What do genetic counselors do? |
they help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder. They use karyotypes, pedigree charts, and punnett squares |
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What are three methods used to develop organisms with desirable traits? |
Selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering |
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Selective Breeding |
a process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation |
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Inbreeding |
the crossing of two individuals that have similar characteristics |
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Hybridization |
When breeders cross two genetically different individuals |
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Clone |
an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced |
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What is the goal of hybridization? |
the goal of hybridization is to create a product that has the best traits from both parents |
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How can a clone of a plant be produced? |
you cut a stem from one plant and put the stem in soil, water it and soon you will have a whole new plant. |
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Genetic engineering |
a process where genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism |
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Gene Therapy |
a process in which copies of a gene are inserted directly into a person's cells |
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When they use genetic engineering for bacteria what is produced? |
Insulin for diabetics is produced |
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When scientists genetically engineer cows what do they produce? |
they produce a blood clotting protein for people with hemophilia |
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How do scientists use gene therapy to correct genetic disorders? |
They use it to replace the defective gene |
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What are some concerns about genetic engineering? |
Some people fear that the crops may cause health problems |
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Genome |
all the DNA in one cell of an organism |
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What is DNA fingerprinting? |
it's when nuclear DNA from a person's cells is broken down into small pieces or fragments then selected fragments are used to produce the pattern of the DNA fingerprint |
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What can scientists also use to determine a person's identity? |
Mitochondrial DNA |
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Purebred |
an organism that has two of the same alleles for a trait ex: AA or aa |
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dominant allele |
an allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present |
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recessive allele |
an allele that is hidden when ever the dominant allele is present |
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hybrid |
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
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punnett square |
a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
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phenotype |
the physical appearance or visible trait ex: smooth pod |
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genotype |
the genetic makeup or allele combinations ex: Aa, AA, or aa |
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homozygous |
an organism with two identical alleles for a trait |
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heterozygous |
an organism with two different alleles for a trait |
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codominance |
where neither allele is dominant nor recessive |
