Set: Bio Midterm

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All 129 Terms

Term Definition
Biology the science that studies living organisms
cell (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
Metabolism the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
Homeostasis metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
Reproduction the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring
Gene (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
heredity the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next
mutation (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration
evolution (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
independent variable (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables
dependent variable (statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends in the independent variable
theory a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
atom (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
element any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
compound (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
molecule the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance
ion a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
carbohydrate an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
lipid an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
protein any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells
amino acid The building block of proteins
nucleic acid (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
nucleotide The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
DNA (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
RNA (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
energy (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work
activation energy the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur
enzyme any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
substrate the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
catalyst (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
light microscope microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object
electron microscope a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light
magnification the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object
resolution the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
scanning tunneling microscope microscope that measures differences in voltage of electrons leaving the surface of an object and creates a three-dimensional image of the object; can be used to study living organisms
cell theory (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
cell membrane a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
cytoplasm a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
cytoskeleton a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
ribosome small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
prokaryote a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei
cell wall a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
flagellum a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
eukaryote an organism consisting of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.
nucleus a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
organelle a specialized part of a cell
cilium a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell
phospholipids fundamental component of biological membranes; biological membranes are fairly fluid and semi-permiable
lipid bilayer structure of membrane, two sheets of lipid molcules with tails pointed inward, proteins embedded in bilayer (serve as channels) along with carbohydrate molecules (id markers - recognition)
endoplasmic reticulum extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell
golgi apparatus Sorting, packaging, transporting
lysosome the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolosis reactions that break down fats
mitochondrion uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds
chloroplast plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments
central vacuole a large membrane sac containg fluid that stores proteins and metabolic waste
passive transport transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion
concentration gradient the path molecules travel when an imbalance between separated molecule concentrations exists
equilibrium equality of distribution
diffusion movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
hypertonic solution when the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher compared to that in the cytoplasm inside the cell, and the cell shrivels
hypotonic solution when the concentration of the solute inside the cytoplasm is higher compared with that outside of the cell, and the cell swells
isotonic solution when the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of disolved substances inside the cell
ion channel integral membrane proteins forming pores that mediate rapid changes in potential difference.
carrier protein Transport protein that carries products from one side to the other side of the cell.
facilitated diffusion when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
active transport to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
sodium potassium pump helps establish a difference in charge across the membrane (membrane potential) moves ions and molecules against the concentration gradient (takes energy)
endocytosis the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
exocytosis Transportaion of material from inside the cell to outside
receptor protein protein that binds to specific signal molecules causing the cell to respond
photosynthesis plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
autotroph plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances
heterotroph an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition
cellular respiration the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules
pigment What's developed in the thylakoid; the substance that makes the leaves green (hint: not clorophyll)
chlorophyll any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms
carotenoid any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals
thylakoid A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
electron transport chain A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
nadph electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide fixation process by which carbon dioxide in incorporated into organic compounds
calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars, no light
aerobic depending on free oxygen or air
anaerobic living or active in the absence of free oxygen
glycolysis 1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
nadh electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP
krebs cycle in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
fadh2 electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle
fermentation a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances
lactic acid when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have eough oxygent do it properly and becomes sore
gamete a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
binary fission a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
gene (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
chromosome a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
chromatid one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
centromere a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
homologous chromosome A member of a chromosome pair, both of which are similar in shape, size, and the genes they carry
diploid (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
haploid (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
zygote the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)
autosome any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
sex chromosome (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual
karyotype the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
cell cycle The different stages a cell goes through in its life
interphase the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions
mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm during cell division
cancer any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
spindle (biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
meiosis (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
crossing over the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
independent assortment the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
spermatogenesis development of spermatozoa
ovum the female reproductive cell
asexual reproduction reproduction without the fusion of gametes
clone a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
life cycle a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage
fertilization creation by the physical union of male and female gametes
sporophyte the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
spore a small usually single-celled reproductive body produced by many plants and some protozoans and that develops into a new individual
gametophyte the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
double helix a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis
nucleotide The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
deoxyribose A five-carbon sugar found in DNA.
DNA replication the process of making a copy of DNA
Baceriophage Eat bacteria
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Terms 129
Creator lpc211
Created January 19, 2008
Groups None
Tags chs, bio, midterm
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CHS 9th grade bio midterm

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Lsille92 : whoever this is.. is this for sheridans mid term?
Last Message: 7 months ago

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