 | Term | Definition |
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kinetic energy |
energy of an object due to it's motion |
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potential energy |
stored energy |
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activation energy |
necessary energy to cause a reaction |
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energy |
the capacity of a physical system to do work |
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haloenzyme |
the enzyme, substrate, and co-enzyme or co-factor |
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non-competitive inhibitor |
blocks the enzyme at a location other than the active site |
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competitive inhibitor |
blocks the enzyme at the active site |
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enzyme inhibitor |
blocks the enzyme from doing what it has to do |
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prosthetic group |
Non-protein compound essential to action of an enzyme |
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denature |
to unfold or inactivate a protein |
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coenzyme |
non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes |
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cofactor |
proteins or vitamins that assist enzymes |
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active site |
where the enzyme and substrate react |
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substrate |
specific reactant that an enzyme acts on |
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catalyst |
speed up/slow down a reaction |
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enzyme |
A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. |
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polymer |
large molecule formed by the joining of multiple monomers |
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monomer |
small units of larger molecules |
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product |
formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
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reactant |
a starting substance in a chemical reaction |
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properties of water |
two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom |
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amine group |
a nitrogen attached to a carbon |
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carboxyl group |
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen |
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hydroxyl group |
hydrogen, oxygen |
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dehydration synthesis |
removal of water , removing a water molecule to form a bond |
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hydrolysis |
breaking of a peptide bond to separate 2 amino acids |
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peptide bond |
a bond that joins any two amino acids |
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protein |
molecule composed of a long chain of amino acids |
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amino acid |
nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen |
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unsaturated fat |
fatty acid that have double bonds between the carbons and fats from plantes |
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saturated fat |
a fat with no double bonds |
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lipid |
glycerol + fatty acid |
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poly- |
many |
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di- |
none |
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mono- |
one |
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carbohydrate |
most abundant organic compound found in nature; #1 source of energy |
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physical change |
affects the size/shape/color of a substance but not composition |
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chemical change |
a change that results in the formation of a new substance |
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organic |
contains carbon |
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inorganic |
doesn't contain carbon |
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pH scale |
measures how acidic or basic a substance is |
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base |
compound that reacts with acids to form a salt |
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acid |
compound that releases hydrogen ions in a solution |
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solvent |
a substance that dissolves another to form a solution |
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solute |
a substance dissolved in a solvent |
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solution |
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
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compound |
a substance made up of two or more elements |
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heterogeneous |
inconsistent/non-uniform composition |
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homogeneous |
consistent/uniform composition |
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covalent bond |
sharing of electrons |
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ionic bond |
transferring of electrons |
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atomic mass |
the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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atomic number |
number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom |
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isotope |
atoms or elements with different numbers of neutrons in their , atoms of the same element but with a different number of protons |
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ion |
transfer electrons |
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element |
composed of atoms with identical atomic numbers |
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neutron |
a particle with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom |
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electron |
a negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus |
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proton |
a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
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atom |
the smallest component of an element |
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matter |
the substance of which physical objects are composed |
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centromere |
holds together the two halves of a chromosome |
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spindles |
break apart the chromosomes in a cell during cell division |
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microtubules |
conveyor belts inside the cell |
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histone |
acts as a spool for DNA |
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homologous |
similar in structure/function/characteristics |
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karyotype |
an organized profile of a person's chromosomes |
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cellular division |
cytokinesis + mitosis |
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cytokinesis |
division of everything in the cell except for the nucleus |
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telophase |
two separate cells appear |
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anaphase |
chromosomes split in two |
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metaphase |
chromosomes align |
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prophase |
chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears |
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mitosis |
division of the nucleus |
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chromatid |
identical copies of a chromosome |
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chromosome |
DNA molecule |
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chromatin |
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes |
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gap2 |
cell prepares to divide |
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synthesis |
chromosomes duplicate |
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gap1 |
growth of the cell |
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interphase |
all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis |
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theory of biogenesis |
life originates from pre-existing life |
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cell wall makeup |
lipids |
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hydrophilic |
likes water |
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hydrophobic |
afraid of water |
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cell membrane makeup |
lipids, proteins |
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osmotic balance |
water balance |
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hypotonic |
more water/less salt |
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hypertonic |
more salt/ less water |
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isotonic |
equal salt and water |
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pinocytosis |
cell drinking |
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phagocytosis |
cell eating |
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endocytosis |
going into a cell |
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active transport |
using energy to take something in |
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carrier protein |
transports substances |
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facilitated diffusion |
requires no energy |
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osmosis |
diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane |
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diffusion |
particles move from a greater level of concentration to a lesser |
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stroma |
supporting framework of an organ |
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grana |
stack of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chromoplasts |
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thykaloid |
where photosynthesis takes place |
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cristae |
internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondiron |
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matrix |
base material |
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protoplasm |
the living substance inside the cell |
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plastids |
responsible for photosynthesis |
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cytosol |
internal fluid of the cell |
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vacuole |
storage |
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cell wall |
layer surrounding the cell of a plant |
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cell membrane |
external, limiting, bilayer lipid membrane |
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cytoskeleton |
allows for cell shape and structure |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
filters drugs |
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peroxisome |
detoxifies |
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chromoplast |
allows for color pigment |
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leukoplast |
stores oil and starch |
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golgi apparatus |
packages/stores/ships proteins |
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lysosome |
intercellular digestion |
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centresome |
where microtubules are produced |
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centrioles |
make microtubules/used for cell division |
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mitochondrion |
converts food energy into useful form |
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chloroplast |
photosynthesis |
