 | Term | Definition |
| |
active insufficiency |
muscles aren't able to generate as much force in a shortened or lengthened position; most noticable in two-joint muscles |
| |
passive insufficiency |
when motion of a joint may be limited by the length of a 2-joint muscle because it is unable to stretch across both joints |
| |
strap |
long and narrow muscle fiber that is parallel to the tendon |
| |
fusiform |
muscle fiber that is fat in the middle and is parallel to the tendon |
| |
rhomboidal |
thick muscle fiber that is parallel to the tendon |
| |
triangular |
triangular muscle fiber that is parallel to the tendon |
| |
unipennate |
one feather-like muscle fiber that is oblique to the tendon |
| |
bipennate |
two-tendon muscle fibers that are oblique to the tendon |
| |
multipennate |
multiple-tendon muscle fibers that are oblique to the tendon |
| |
agonists |
the main muscle used to produce a movement |
| |
antagonists |
muscles that oppose movement of the agonist |
| |
synergists |
muscles that assist action of the agonist |
| |
fixators |
muscles that stabilize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively |
| |
muscle fiber type I |
red, slow-twitch, built for endurance |
| |
muscle fiber type IIA |
red, fast-twitch, can be trained to act like type I and IIB |
| |
muscle fiber type IIB |
white, fast-twitch, built for power |
| |
fiber type |
determined by genetics |
| |
muscle spindles |
lie parallel to the muscle fibers; detect changes in muscle length and speed of length change; important for proprioception and motor learning; responsible for deep tendon reflexes |
| |
golgi tendon organs |
located in the tendon, both at the muscle origin and insertion; detect changes in the tendon; initiates a reflex that protects the tendon from tearing by inhibiting the contracting muscle (autogenic inhibition) |
| |
paresis |
muscle weakness or partial paralysis |
| |
paralysis |
complete loss of muscle function |
| |
hemiplegia |
partial or complete loss of muscle function on one side of the body |
| |
paraplegia |
paralysis of all or some of the muscles in the trunk and LE |
| |
tetraplegia/quadriplegia |
paralysis of the trunk and LE, and some or all of the UE |
| |
atrophy |
loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation (signal to the brain has been cut off) |
