Set: History

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All 544 Terms

Term Definition
Royal Colony A colony under the direct control of a monarch
Nathaniel Bacon Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony
Puritans Members of a religious group known for its strict beliefs
John Winthrop Leader of the first settlers at Massachusetts Bay Colony
Separatists Members of a Puritan group who established their own congregations
Plymouth Colony Second permanent English colony in North America founded by the Pilgrims
Massachusetts Bay Colony Colony founded by Puritans in 1630
Roger Williams Puritan dissenter who set up a new colony in Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson Puritan dissenter banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island in 1638
Pequot War A1637 conflict in which the Pequots battled Connecticut colonists
Metacom Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War
King Philip's War Conflict between settlers and Native Americans
New Netherland Colony founded by the Dutch in 1621
Proprietor Owner of a colony
William Penn Founder of Pennsylvania
Quakers Members of a religious group known for tolerance
Mercantilism Theory that countries should acquire gold and focus on exporting goods and owning colonies
Parliament The lawmaking body of England
Navigation Acts Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade
Dominion of New England A huge colony formed by the King of England, which included land from southern Maine to New Jersey
Sir Edmund Andros Governor appointed by the king of England to govern over the Dominion of England
Salutary Neglect An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
Cash Crop A crop grown for sale rather than for the farmer's use
Slave Person who is considered the property of another
Triangular Trade The pattern of shipping trade across the Atlantic
Middle Passage The voyage that brought slaves to America
Stono Rebellion A 1739 slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina
Enlightenment Intellectual movement that started in Europe
Benjamin Franklin Philadelphia inventor, writer, and political leader
Jonathan Edwards Forceful preacher in the Great Awakening
Great Awakening Religious revival movement in the colonies
New France French colony in North America
George Washington Led Virginia troops in first battle of the French and Indian War
French and Indian War War that gave the British control of North America
William Pitt British leader in the French and Indian War
Pontiac Native American leader who fought the British
Proclamation of 1763 Law limiting the area of English settlement
George Grenville Financial expert who was appointed prime minister of Britain in 1763
Sugar Act Law passed by Parliament to try to raise money
Stamp Act Law passed by Parliament to make colonists buy a stamp to place on many items such as wills and newspapers
Samuel Adams One of the founders of the Sons of Liberty
Townshend Acts Laws passed by Parliament in 1767 that set taxes on imports to the colonies
Boston Massacre Conflict between colonists and British soldiers in which four colonists were killed
Committees of Correspondence A network of communication set up in Massachusetts and Virginia to inform other colonies of ways that Britain threatened colonial rights
Boston Tea Party Protest against increased prices in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor
King George lll King of England during the American Revolution
Intolerable Acts A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for it protests against the British
Martial Law Rule by the military
Minutemen Civilian soldiers
Second Continental Congress The meeting of colonial delegates that approved the Declaration of Independence
Olive Branch Petition An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll
Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that attacked the monarchy
Thomas Jefferson Main author of the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence Document that said the United States was an independent nation
Patriots Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
Loyalists Colonists who were loyal to Britain
Trenton Battle won by the Americans in 1776
Saratoga Battle won by the Americans in 1777
Valley Forge Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778
Inflation Rise in the price of goods
Profiteering Selling goods that are difficult to come by for a profit
Friedrich von Steuben Prussian officer who helped train American soldiers
Marquis de Lafayette French noble who helped the Americans
Charles Cornwallis British general
Yorktown Battle that gave Americans victory in the war
Treaty of Paris Treaty that officially ended the war
Egalitarianism A belief in equality
Republic A government in which the people elect representative to govern
Republicanism The idea that governments should be based on the consent of the people
Articles of Confederation The set of laws that established the first government of the United States
Confederation A loose alliance of states
Land Ordinance of 1785 A law that set up a plan for surveying land west of the Appalachian Mountains
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Law that organized the Northwest Territories
Shays's Rebellion Anti-tax protest by farmers
James Madison One of the leaders of the Constitutional Convention
Roger Sherman Delegate who developed the Great Compromise
Great Compromise Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
Three-Fifths Compromise Compromise that allowed states to count three-fifths of their slaves as part of the population
Federalism The division of power between the federal and state governments
Legislative Branch The branch of government that makes laws
Executive Branch The branch of government that makes laws
Judicial Branch The branch of government that interprets the laws and the Constitution
Checks and Balances Powers given to separate branches of government to keep any one from getting too much power
Electoral College A group selected to elect the president, in which each state's number of electors in equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress
Ratification Official approval of the Constitution
Federalists Supporters of the new Constitution
Antifederalists People opposed to ratification of the new Constitution
The Federalist Essays written by the Federalist leaders that defended the Constitution
Bill of Rights Set of amendments passed to protect individual rights
Preamble Introduction to the Constitution
Congress National legislature
House of Representatives Lower house of the national legislature
Senate Upper house of the national legislature
Checks and Balances Provisions of the Constitution that keep one branch of the government from controlling the other two branches
Enumerated Powers Powers specifically granted in the Constitution
Elastic Clause Clause in the Constitution that allows Congress to pass laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers
Chief Executive President of the United States
Electoral College Electors chosen by the states to elect the president and vice president
Succession Order in which the office of president is filled if it becomes vacant before an election
State of the Union Address Message delivered by the president once a year
Supreme Court Highest federal court in the United States
Judicial Power Authority to decide cases involving disputes over the law or behavior of people
Judicial Review Authority to decide whether a law is constitutional
Extradition Procedure for returning a person charged with a crime to the state where the crime was committed
Ratify Officially approve the Constiitution or an Amendment to it
Bill of RIghts First ten Amendments
Double Jeopardy Being tried more than once for the same crime
Due process of law All the procedures for fair treatment must be carried out whenever a citizen is accused of a crime
Reserved Powers Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people
Suffrage Right to vote
Judiciary Act of 1789 Law that set up the national court system
Alexander Hamilton An early Federalist leader
Cabinet Chief advisers of the president
Bank of the United States A national bank funded by the federal government and wealth investors
Democratic-Republicans Jefferson's political party and ancestors of today's Democratic Party
Two-party System Political system where two political parties compete for power
Protective Tariff Tax on imported goods to protect domestic business
Excise Tax Tax on goods produced within the country
Neutrality To support neither side
Edmond Genet French diplomat who tried to get American support against the British
Thomas Pinckney Negotiated treaty with Spain over Spanish lands east of the Mississippi River
Little Turtle Native American leader who led Native American confederacy against Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers
John Jay Negotiated a treaty with Britain over territory
Sectionalism Practice of placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole
XYZ Affair American anger over bribes demanded by French diplomats
Alien and Sedition Acts Laws that made it harder to become a citizen and created harsh punishments for people who criticize the government
Nullification The idea that states had the right to nullify or void any law they deemed unconstitutional
Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican and running mate of Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 election
John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Judiciary Act of 1801 Law the increased the number of federal judges by sixteen
Midnight Judge Judge appointed to the Supreme Court by President Adams late on the last day of his administration
Marbury v. Madison Court case that established the power of judicial review
Judicial Review The power of judges to declare a law unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase Land bought from France in 1803
Lewis and Clark Leaders of an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase
Sacajawea Native American woman who served as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition
Blockade Sealing ports to prevent other ships from entering or leaving
Impressment act of seizing sailors to work on ships
Embargo A ban on exporting goods to other countries
William Henry Harrison Tecumseh Native American leader
Tecumseh Shawnee chief who formed Native American confederation to fight Americans
War Hawk One who favors war
Andrew Jackson General who led American forces in Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent Treaty that ended the War of 1812
Armistice End to fighting the war
Eli Whitney Inventor of interchangeable parts and the cotton gin
Interchangeable Parts Standardized parts that can be used in place of one another
Mass Production The making of goods in large amounts
Industrial Revolution A change in the making of goods from small workshops to large factories that used machines
Cotton Gin Eli Whitney's invention for cleaning cotton
Henry Clay Speaker of the House of Representative and political leader from Kentucky
American System Clay's plan for economic development
National Road A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois
Erie Canal Canal that connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean
Tariff of 1816 A protective tariff designed to help American industries
McColloch v. Maryland Supreme Court case that denied Maryland the right to tax the Bank of the United States
John Quincy Adams Sixth president of the United States
Nationalism A belief that national interests as a whole should be more important than what one region wants
Adams-Onis Treaty Treaty that secured the purchase of Flordia from Spain
Monroe Doctrine Warning to European nations not to interfere in the Americas
Missouri Compromise Agreement that temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories
Andrew Jackson Military hero and seventh president
Democratic-Republican Party Party started by Jackson's followers
Spoils System System in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends
Indian Removal Act Law that forced Native Americans to move west
Trail of Tears Path the Cherokee were forced to travel from Georgia to Indian Territory
John C. Calhoun Vice-President and congressional leader from South Carolina
Tariff of Abominations Henry Clay's name for an 1828 tariff increase
Daniel Webster A Senate leader from Massachusetts
Bank of the United States National bank established by Congress first in 1791 and then in 1816
Whig Party Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren Eighth president
Panice of 1837 A series of financial failures that led to an economic depression
William Henry Harrison Ninth president
John Tyler Tenth president
second great awakening widespread spiritual gathering
revival a religious gathering that relied on emotional sermons
charles grandison finney an important precher in the revivalist movement
ralph waldo emerson leading transcendentalist philosopher
transcendentalism philosphy that emphasized the truth to be found in nature
henry david thoreau author of walden who practiced transcendentalism
civil disobediance the form of protest that calls on people to disobey unjust laws
utopian communites designed to be perfect societes
dorothea dix reformer who worked with mentally ill
aboliton movment to outlaw slavery
william lloyd garrison abolitionst leader
emancipation the freeing of slaves
david walker a free african america who urged blacks to take freedom by force
frederick douglas noted abolitionsits leader
nat turner leader of a violent slave rebellion
antebellum pre-civil war
gag rule a rule limiting debate on an issue
cult of domesticity social customs that restricted women to caring for the house
sarah and angelina grimke leaders in the abolitionists movement
temperance movement movement to ban the drinking of alcohol
elizabeth cady stanton leader in the abolition and womens rights movements
lucretia mott leader in the abolition and womens rights movements
seneca falls convention convention held to argue for womens rights
soujourner truth former slave who became womens rights activist
cottage industy system in which manufacturers provided materials to be produced at home
master a skilled artisan who owned a business and employed others
journeyman skilled worker employed by masters
apprentice a worker learning a trade or craft, usually under the supervision of a master
strike work stoppages by workers
national trades union early national workers organizations
specialization in farming the raising or one or two crops for sale
market revolution economic changes where people buy and sell goods
capitalism economic system in which individuals and businesses control the means of production
entrepreneur business owner
samuel f.b. morse inventor of the telegraph
telegraph device that sends messgaes by wires
john deere inventor of the steel plow
cyrus mc cormick inventor of the mechanical reaper
manifest destiny belief that the united states would expand across the continent
treaty of fort laramie treaty that gave control of central plains to natives
sante fe trail trail from missouri to new mexico
oregon trail trail from missouri to oregon
mormons religious group that settled near great salt lake
joseph smith founder of mormons
brigaham young leader of mormons who decided to move to utah
fifty four forty or fight u.s. call for annexation of oregon territory
stephen f. austin leader of american colony in texas
land grant gift of public land to an individual
antonio lopez de santa anna mexican president who fought texans
texas revolution texas war for independence
alamo site of a key battle in the texas revoultion
sam houston first president of the republic of texas
republic of texas independent nation that was created after texans defeated mexico in the texas revoulution
annex to make part of
wilmont proviso bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico
secession decision by a state to leave the union
compromise of 1850 series or measures that were intended to settle the disagreements between free states and slave states
popular sovereignty idea that people living in a territory should make their own decisions especially the decision to admit slavery
stephen a. douglas senator from illinois who worked to pass the compromise of 1850
millard fillmore 13th president
fugitive slave act law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them
personal liberty laws laws passed by nothern staes forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
underground railroad secret way of escape to the north
harriet tubman famous conductor on the underground railroad
harriet beecher stowe wrote uncle toms cabin
uncle toms cabin antislavery novel
kansas nebraska act law that split kansas territory into two states
john brown fierce opponent of slavery who led a raid that killed five proslaves
bleeding kansas nickname given to territory cause of the violence
franklin pierce 14th president
nativism favoring native born people over immigrants
know nothing party political party formed to stopo the influence of immigrants
free soil party political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories
republican party political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories
horace greeley newspaper editor who strongly supposrted the newly formed republican party
john c. fremont republican canidate in the 1856 presidential election
james buchanan 15 president
dred scott slave who was breifly taken by his owner into free territory
roger b. taney chief justic who wrote the ruling in the dred scott case
abraham lincoln 16TH PRES during civil war
freeport doctrine idea that any territory could ban slavery simply by refusing slavery laws
harpers ferry location of federal arsenal that john borwn raided to arm slaves
confederacy Confederate States of America
jefferson davis president of the confederacy
fort sumter union fort in charleston SC
anaconda plan three part union plan for victory
bull run battle won by confederates
stonewall jackson confederate general
george mcclellan union general
ulysses s. grant union general
shiloh union victory
david g. farragut commander of the union navy
monitor union ironclad
merrimack confederate ironclad
robert e. lee confederate general
antietam union victory
emancipation proclamation order issued by lincoln freeing slaves behind confederate lines
habeas corpus court order that says people have a right to know why they are being jailed
copperhead northern democrat
conscription the draft
fort pillow site of confederate massacre of 200 afric. american prisoners
income tax TAX THAT TAKES A PERCENTAGE OF AN INDIVIDUALS INCOME
clara barton union nurse
andersonville confederate war camp
gettysburg most decisive battle of the war
chancellorsville confederate victory in virginia
vicksburg union victory in missisippi
gettysburg address inportant speech by lincoln
william tecumseh sherman commander of union troops in southeast
appomattox court house site of the confederate surrender
national bank act law that set up a system of federal banks
thirteenth amendment abolished slavery everywhere in the u.s.
red cross relief angency founded by clara barton in 1881
john wilkes booth shot lincoln
reconstruction period of rebuilding the nation after the civil war
radical republican one the congressional republicans who wanted to destroy the polical power of southerners
thaddeus stevens one of the radical leaders
wade-davis bill would have give congress control of reconstruction
andrew johnson president after lincolns assasination
freedmen's bureau government agency that helped former slaves and poor whites by giving out food and clothing
black codes laws enacted in many southern states that discriminated against african americans
fourteenth amendment gave african americans citizenship
impeach legal process to formally charge the president with misconduct in office
fifteeth amendment banned states from denying african americans the right to vote
scalawag white southerner who joined republican party
carpetbagger northerner who moved south during reconstruction
hiram revels first black senator
sharcropping system in which landowners leased their land in return for portion of crops
tenant farming renting farmland for cash
KKK terrorist group of white southerners who were racist against blacks
panic of 1873 financial crisis that started an economic depression
redemption regaining of power in democratic south
rutherford b. hayes president who ended reconstruction
samuel j. tilden pres. canidate for democrats
compromise of 1877 ended reconstruction and gave presidency to hayes
home rule run state governments without federal interference
edwin l. drake first person to use steam engine to drill for oil
bessemer process technique used to make steel from iron
thomas alva edison inventor of the light bulb
chirstopher sholes inventor of the typewriter
alexander graham bell inventor of the telephone
transcontinental railroad a railroad that crosses the entire country
george m. pullman inventor of the sleeping car
credit mobilier name of company involved in stealing of rr money
munn v. illinois court case that gave government right to regulate private industry
interstate commerce act law granting congress authority to regulate rr activities
andrew carnegie scottich immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry
vertical intergration process in which a company buys out its suppliers
horizontal integration process in which companies producing
social darwinism theory that taught only the strong survive
john d. rockefeller standard oil trust
sherman antitrust act law that outlawed trusts
samuel gompers union leader
american federation of labor name of union led by gompers
eugene v. debbs leader of the american railway company
IWWW union of radicals n socialists "wobblies"
mary harris jones organizer for the united mine workers
ellis island inspection station for immigrants arriving on the east coast
angel island inspection station for immigrants west coast
melting pot mixture of different cultures living together
nativism favoring native born people
chinese exclusion act limited chinese immigration
gentlemens agreement limited jap immigration to u.s.
urbanization growth of cities
americanization movement program to teach ami culture to immigrants
tenement multifamily urban dwellings
mass transit transportation system that moved large numbers of people
social gospel movement movement that urged people to help the poor
settlement house community center that addressed problems in slum neighborhoods
jane adams social reformer who helped poor
political machine groupe that controlled a political party
graft use of political influence for personal gain
boss tweed head of new yorks powerful democratic machine
patronage giving of government jobs to people who helped you get elected
civil servie government administration
rutherford b. hayes 19 th president
james a. garfield 20th president
chester a. arthur 21 president
pendleton civil service act that implemented merit system in civil service hiring
grover cleveland 22nd and 24th president
benjamin harrison 23rd president
louis sullivan early leader of architecture