 | Term | Definition |
| |
Yeast |
Single-cell fungi commonly found on plants, on skin, and in soil and water. Yeast obtain energy through fermentation and are often used in the process of brewing beer and making bread. Some varieties also cause infections in humans |
| |
Fermentation |
A chemical reaction through which organisms break down an energy-rich compound, typically sugars, without consuming oxygen adn often resulting in the formation of alcohal; anaerobic resperation. |
| |
Optimum |
The value, or set of conditions, which results in the most favorable outcome |
| |
Protein |
A biological molecule made of amino acids; used in the body for matinence and repair of tissues |
| |
Cellular Resperation |
A chemical Process occuring in an organism which provides energy necessary for that organism's survival |
| |
Metabolism |
The process by which organisms use energy |
| |
First Law of Thermodynamics |
All heat entering a system adds that amount of heat to the system |
| |
Second Law of Thermodynamics |
Heat will always travel from areas of higher temperature to lower temperature |
| |
Energy flow diagram |
A chart illustrating a transfer of series of transfers that occur during a chemical or physical change |
| |
Physical system |
A group of objects and/or organisms which are related or connected in some way; such systems are defined by an outside observer for the purposes of investigation. |
| |
Energy Transfer |
The process through which energy is exchanged; typically associated with a chemical or a physical change. |
| |
Specific heat |
The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a sample of matter 1˚c. |
| |
calorie |
A commonly used unit for measuring energy. 1000 calories = 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie. Also, 1 calorie = 4.2 joules |
| |
Calorimeter |
An insulated container for measuring the energy released or absorbed during chemical and physical changes. It is designed to prevent the transfer of energy from a physical system to the environment. |
| |
Joule |
The most commonly accepted unit for measuring energy. In terms of calories, 4.2 joules = 1 calorie (little c). |
| |
Atoms |
The smallest particle of an element made of protons, electrons, and (in most cases) neutrons. |
| |
Molecule |
Two or more atoms tightly bonded together to form a neutral particle |
| |
Kinetic Theory |
States that the atoms and molecules of all substances are in motion and that at higher temperatures there is faster movement. It was proposed by Gustave Hirn. |
| |
Caloric Theory |
The theory by Joseph Black who proposed that changes in temperature are due to the flow of a substance called caloric. According to Black, when caloric from another object flows into said object, the object heats up; when caloric from the said object flows into another object, the said object cools down. |
| |
Caloric |
A liquid substance that flows through, and fills the spaces between the atoms and molecules. |
| |
Mechanical energy |
Energy of motion commonly associated with moving machines and devices. |
| |
Thermal energy |
Energy of atomic or molecular motion. (heat) |
| |
Kinetic energy |
Energy associated with motion. One of the two main categories mechanical energy is divided into. |
| |
Potential energy |
Stored energy often used to refer to energy resulting from an object's position relative to Earths surface or to the energy stored in the bonds of molecules, as in food. Energy that is stored that can be used at any time. Another main category that mechanical energy is divided into. |
| |
Thermal conduction |
The movement of thermal energy through a material |
| |
Thermal Insulator |
A material that has a better ability to contain energy and not let it pass through |
| |
More develpoed |
A country in which the average resident has access to many economic material and energy resources; a country that uses more than the energy equivalent of 1200 kg of oil per person per year. Also countries that have more years of schooling per gender than other countries ,for instance in our book a good example of this would be the United Sates vs. Ethiopia. Countries that are economically and technologically rich |
| |
Less developed |
A country in which the average resident does not have access to many economic material and energy resources a country that uses less than the energy equivilent of 1200 kg of oil per person per year. Countries that are economically and technologically poor |
| |
Per capita |
Per person (in Latin, per capita means "by head") the average amount of an item or resource available to each person living in a given country |
| |
Fossil fuels |
Non-renewable energy sources derived from originally living matter and typically extracted from below earths surface any combustible product derived from coal petroleum and natural gas. |
| |
Hidden costs |
Effects of a process or action that do not involve obvious financial costs in the short term but that do have less apparent negative consequences such as environmental damage and/or resource depletion, in both the short and long term |
