Set: Circulation and Ventilation (Chapter 42)

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All 88 Terms

Term Definition
Blood A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
Blood vessels set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body
Heart A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatis pressure of the blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart.
Blood pressure The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
Open circulatory system A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
Hemolymph In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
Closed Circulatory System A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
Closed Circulatory system A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The system is characteristic of vertebrates.
Atria Chambers that receive blood returning to the vertebrate heart
Ventricle A heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart.
Artery Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
Vein In animals, a vessel that returned blood to the heart.
Capillary A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Artriole Vessels that convey blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
Capillary bed A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.
Venule A vessels that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
Gill circulation the flow of blood through gills.
Systemic circulation Movement of blood through the systemic circuit.
pulmocutaneous circuit The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
Systemic circuit The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
Double circulation A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
Pulmonary circuit The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.
Cardiac cycle the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart
systole The stage of the cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.
diastole The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
cardiac output The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
heart rate The rate of heart contraction.
stroke volume The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.
atrioventricular (AV valve) A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to the ventricles and causing them to contract.
Semilunar valves A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
Pulse The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contradictions of the ventricles during systole.
Heart murmur A hissing sound that occurs when blood squirts backward through leaky valve in the heart.
Sinoatrial node (SA node) A region of the heart composed of specialized muscle tissue that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker.
Myogenic heart A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which the pacemaker is made up of specialized muscle tissues and located within the heart itself.
Neurogenic heart A type of heart, such as in insects, in which the pacemakers originate in motor nerves arising from outside the heart.
Systolic pressure Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
Peripheral resistance The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles.
Diastolic pressure Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions
Lymphatic system A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood.
Lymph The colorless liquid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.
plasma liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
Plasma liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
Red blood cell A blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports O2; also called erythrocyte.
White blood cell A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.
Platelets A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.
erythrocyte A red blood cell; Contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system.
Hemoglobin An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Leukocytes A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.
Stem cell Any relatively unspecialized cell that can divide during a single division into one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell, which can undergo further differentiation.
Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. This hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes.
Fibrinogen Inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.
Fibrin The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot.
Hemophilia A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
Thrombus A clump of platelets and fibrin that blocks the flow of blood through a blood vessel.
Cardiovascular disease Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
LDLs A cholesterol carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the bloods correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.
HDLs A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.
Hypertension Chronically high blood pressure within the arteries.
Heart attack The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
Stroke The death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
Gas exchange The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
Respiratory medium The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms.
Respiratory surface The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.
Gills A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals specialized for gas exchange.
Ventilation Any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface.
Countercurrent exchange The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
Tracheal system A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
Lung an invaginated respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
Larynx The voice box, containing the vocal cords.
Vocal cord One of a pair of string like tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds
trachea The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi
Bronchi A breathing tube that branches from the trachea to the lungs.
Bronchioles Fine branches of the bronchus that transports air to alveoli.
Alveoli Dead-end, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.
Breathing The process involving alternate inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs.
Positive pressure breathing A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
Negative pressure breathing A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
diaphragm A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs.
tidal volume The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
vital capacity The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
risdual volume The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.
breathing control centers A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
partial pressure A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
hemocyanin A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many mollusks.
dissociation curve A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen, pH, or other characteristics.
Bohr shift A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by a drop in PH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vanity of active tissues.
myoglobin An oxygen –storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells
Parabronchi A site of gas exchange in bird lungs. Parabronchi allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction.

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Creator pinta_89
Created March 4, 2008
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pinta_89 : Changed Sinus → A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid. to Closed Circulatory System → A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
pinta_89 : Changed Positive pressure breathin → A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs. to Positive pressure breathing → A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
pinta_89 : Changed Lymph nodes → liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended. to plasma → liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
pinta_89 : Changed Negative pressure breathin → A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs. to Negative pressure breathing → A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
pinta_89 : Changed Sinoatrial (SA node) → A region of the heart composed of specialized muscle tissue that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker. to Sinoatrial node (SA node) → A region of the heart composed of specialized muscle tissue that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker.
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Most Missed Words

  1. Double circulation → A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs. - 3 misses
  2. heart rate → The rate of heart contraction. - 3 misses
  3. Peripheral resistance → The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles. - 3 misses
  4. White blood cell → A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow. - 3 misses
  5. Fibrinogen → Inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot. - 3 misses
  6. Respiratory medium → The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms. - 3 misses
  7. Respiratory surface → The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment. - 3 misses