| Term | Definition |
|
azure |
sky blue |
|
axiom |
self-evident truth requiring no proof |
|
awry |
distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry. |
|
awl |
pointed tool used for piercing |
|
awe |
solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome |
|
avuncular |
of or like an uncle |
|
avow |
declare openly; N. avowal |
|
avocation |
secondary or minor occupation esp. for pleasure; hobby |
|
avid |
greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avidity |
|
aviary |
enclosure for birds; large cage |
|
avert |
prevent; avoid; turn away ; Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight. |
|
aversion |
firm dislike |
|
averse |
reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. ~ to cats/doing the house work |
|
aver |
state confidently; declare as true |
|
avenge |
take vengeance for something or on behalf of someone; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged themselves on their enemy. |
|
avarice |
greediness for wealth |
|
avalanche |
great mass of falling snow and ice |
|
auxiliary |
offering or providing help; additional or subsidiary; N: helper; assistant |
|
autopsy |
examination of a dead body; postmortem; V. |
|
autonomous |
self-governing; N. autonomy |
|
automaton |
mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself |
|
autocratic |
having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy |
|
authoritative |
having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremptory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive |
|
authoritarian |
subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another"s will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father |
|
authenticate |
prove genuine |
|
austere |
forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or enjoyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk"s austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. austerity |
|
auspicious |
favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices |
|
auroral |
pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora australis |
|
aureole |
sun"s corona; halo; bright circle of light |
|
august |
impressive; majestic |
|
augury |
omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of |
|
augment |
increase; add to |
|
audit |
examination of accounts of a business; official examination; V. |
|
audacious |
daring; bold; N. audacity |
|
atypical |
not normal; not typical |
|
attrition |
rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of ~ |
|
attribute |
essential quality; V: ascribe; explain |
|
attest |
testify; bear witness |
|
attenuate |
make thin; weaken |
|
attentive |
alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying attention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. attentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration |
|
atrophy |
wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and muscle |
|
atrocity |
brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious |
|
atone |
make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for |
|
atheistic |
denying the existence of God; N. atheism |
|
atavism |
resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic |
|
asymmetric |
not identical on both sides of a dividing central line |
|
asylum |
place of refuge or shelter; protection |
|
asunder |
into parts; apart; V. sunder |
|
astute |
wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one's advantage |
|
astronomical |
enormously large or extensive |
|
astringent |
binding; causing contraction ; harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. ~ criticism |
|
astral |
relating to the stars |
|
astigmatism |
eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism |
|
asteroid |
small planet |
|
assurance |
firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one's own ability; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in front of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make certain to happen; make feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one's own ability; showing certainty |
|
assumption |
something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of; Ex. her assumption of power; V. assume |
|
assuage |
make less severe; ease or lessen (pain) ; satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger) |
|
assimilate |
absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the ways of behaving or thinking) |
|
assiduous |
diligent |
|
assert |
state strongly or positively; demand recognition of ; make a claim to ; Ex. assert one's independence |
|
assent |
agree; accept; N. assessment |
|
assay |
analyze ; evaluate |
|
assail |
assault |
|
aspire |
seek to attain ; long for; Ex. ~ to become president; Ex. ~ to/after the leadership |
|
aspirant |
seeker after position or status |
|
aspersion |
slanderous remark; Ex. cast ~s on |
|
asperity |
sharpness; roughness; severity ; Ex. asperities of a Russian winter |
|
askew |
crookedly; slanted; at an angle |
|
askance |
with a sideways or indirect look ; Ex. look askance at |
|
asinine |
stupid; Ex. asinine remarks |
|
ashen |
ash-colored; deadly pale |
|
aseptic |
preventing infection; having a cleansing effect |
|
ascribe |
refer; attribute; assign |
|
ascetic |
practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ~ life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism |
|
ascertain |
find out for certain; make certain |
|
ascendancy |
controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant |
|
artless |
without guile; open and honest |
|
artisan |
a manually skilled worker |
|
artifice |
deception; trickery |
|
artifacts |
object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced |
|
articulate |
effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; having clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: express thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints |
|
arsenal |
storage place for military equipment |
|
arroyo |
gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater |
|
arrogance |
pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important |
|
arrhythmic |
lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia |
|
arrears |
being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done |
|
array |
marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array |
|
arraign |
charge in court; indict |
|
aromatic |
fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell |
|
armada |
fleet of warships |
|
aristocracy |
hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility; N. aristocrat |
|
arid |
dry; barren; unproductive |
|
aria |
operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio |
|
argot |
slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people |
|
arduous |
hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work |
|
ardor |
heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent |
|
archives |
public records; place where public records are kept |
|
archipelago |
group of closely located islands |
|
archetype |
prototype; primitive pattern |
|
archaic |
antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N. |
|
archaeology |
study of artifacts and relics of early mankind |
|
arch- |
chief; first; Ex. archbishop |
|
arcane |
esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the initiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener |
|
arcade |
a covered passageway usually lined with shops |
|
arboretum |
place where different trees and shrubs are studied and exhibited |
|
arbitrate |
act as judge |
|
arbitrary |
unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler |
|
arbiter |
person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position to make influential judgments; Ex. supreme ~ of fashion in beachware |
|
arable |
fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land |
|
aquiline |
curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose |
|
aptitude |
fitness; talent |
|
apropos |
with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos the present situation; ADJ. ADV. |
|
appurtenances |
subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing |
|
appropriate |
acquire; take possession of for one's own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allocate; CF. mis~ |
|
approbation |
approval |
|
apprise |
inform |
|
apprehensive |
fearful; discerning |
|
apprehend |
arrest ; dread; perceive; N. apprehension |
|
appreciate |
be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of; ADJ. appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference |
|
appraise |
estimate value of; N. appraisal |
|
apposite |
appropriate; fitting |
|
application |
diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself |
|
append |
attach |
|
appellation |
name; title |
|
appease |
pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement |
|
apparition |
ghost; phantom |
|
appall |
dismay; shock deeply |
|
apotheosis |
elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something |
|
apothegm |
pithy, compact saying |
|
apothecary |
druggist; pharmacist |
|
apostate |
one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy |
|
apoplexy |
stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain |
|
apologist |
one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia |
|
apolitical |
having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs |
|
apogee |
highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee |
|
apocryphal |
widely believed but untrue |
|
apocalyptic |
prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse |
|
aplomb |
poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence |
|
apiary |
a place where bees are kept |
|
aphorism |
pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic |
|
aphasia |
loss of speech due to injury or illness |
|
apex |
tip; summit; climax; highest point |
|
aperture |
opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light |
|
ape |
imitate or mimic |
|
apathy |
lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or interest in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic |
|
anvil |
iron block used in hammering out metals |
|
antithesis |
contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical |
|
antiseptic |
substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ. |
|
antiquated |
obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated |
|
antipathy |
aversion; dislike or opposition |
|
antidote |
remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. antidote to the economic troubles |
|
anticlimax |
letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting |
|
anthropomorphic |
having human form or characteristics |
|
anthropologist |
student of the history and science of humankind |
|
anthropoid |
manlike; resembling a human being; N. |
|
anthology |
book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus |
|
anthem |
song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem |
|
antediluvian |
antiquated; extremely ancient |
|
antecedents |
preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background |
|
antecede |
precede |
|
antagonism |
hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in opposition to the protagonist |
|
anonymity |
state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous |
|
anomaly |
irregularity |
|
anomalous |
abnormal; irregular |
|
anoint |
consecrate; put oil on |
|
anodyne |
drug that relieves pain or trouble; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement |
|
annul |
make void |
|
annuity |
yearly allowance |
|
annotate |
comment; make explanatory notes |
|
annihilate |
destroy |
|
annex |
attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate into a larger existing political unit ; N: building added to a large one |
|
anneal |
reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling |
|
annals |
records arranged in yearly parts; history |
|
animus |
hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition |
|
animosity |
active enmity; a feeling of strong dislike, ill will, or enmity that tends to display itself in action: a deep-seated ~ between two sisters; ~ against one's neighbor |
|
animated |
lively; spirited |
|
animadversion |
critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval |
|
angular |
sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded ; bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner |
|
anguish |
acute pain; extreme suffering |
|
anesthetic |
substance that removes sensation with or without loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia |
|
anemia |
condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic |
|
anecdote |
short story of an amusing or interesting event |
|
ancillary |
serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N. |
|
anchor |
secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchorage |
|
ancestry |
family descent; ADJ. ancestral |
|
anathema |
solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize |
|
anarchy |
absence of governing body; state of disorder |
|
anarchist |
person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority |
|
analogy |
similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things |
|
analogous |
comparable; similar |
|
analgesic |
causing insensitivity to pain; N. |
|
anachronism |
an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic |
|
amulet |
charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck |
|
amputate |
cut off part of body; prune |
|
amplify |
increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one's remarks with a graph |
|
ample |
enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ~ opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space |
|
amphitheater |
oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena |
|
amphibian |
able to live both on land and in water; N. |
|
amorphous |
formless; lacking shape or definition |
|
amorous |
moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances |
|
amoral |
nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong |
|
amok |
in a state of rage; Ex. run amok |
|
amnesty |
pardon |
|
amnesia |
loss of memory |
|
amity |
friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations |
|
amiss |
wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV. |
|
amicable |
peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. ~ settlement |
|
amiable |
agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly |
|
amenities |
convenient features that helps to make life pleasant; social courtesies |
|
amend |
correct; change ; generally for the better |
|
amenable |
obedient; compliant; readily managed; responsive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests |
|
ameliorate |
improve |
|
ambulatory |
able to walk |
|
ambrosia |
food of the gods |
|
amble |
walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly |
|
ambivalence |
the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes or opinions |
|
ambiguous |
unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation |
|
ambience |
environment; atmosphere; Ex. restaurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature |
|
ambidextrous |
capable of using either hand with equal ease |
|
amazon |
female warrior |
|
amass |
collect |
|
amalgamate |
combine; unite in one body |
|
amalgam |
combination of different things; mixture of metals used for filling holes in teeth |
|
altruistic |
unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. altruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; unselfishness; OP. egoism |
|
altercation |
noisy quarrel |
|
aloof |
apart; not open in one's relationship with other people; reserved; ADV. |
|
aloft |
upward; high up in the air |
|
alluvial |
pertaining to soil deposits left by running water |
|
allure |
entice; attract; tempt |
|
allude |
refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference |
|
alloy |
mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other metals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happiness |
|
allocate |
assign; set apart for a particular purpose |
|
alliteration |
repetition of beginning sound in poetry |
|
alleviate |
relieve |
|
allegory |
story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable |
|
allegiance |
loyalty |
|
allege |
state without proof |
|
allay |
calm; pacify |
|
alimony |
payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce |
|
alimentary |
supplying nourishment |
|
alienate |
make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of |
|
alias |
an assumed name esp. by a criminal ; ADV. alias |
|
alcove |
nook; recess |
|
alchemy |
medieval chemistry |
|
alacrity |
cheerful promptness without reluctance |
|
agrarian |
pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform |
|
agog |
highly excited; intensely curious |
|
agnostic |
one who is skeptical of the existence or knowability of a god or any ultimate reality |
|
agitate |
stir up; disturb |
|
agility |
nimbleness; ability to move quickly |
|
aghast |
filled with great surprise or fear; horrified |
|
aggregate |
sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars |
|
aggrandize |
make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement |
|
agglomeration |
collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. agglomerate: jumbled mass; heap |
|
agenda |
items of business at a meeting |
|
agape |
open mouthed |
|
affront |
insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: insult or hurt the feelings of intentionally |
|
affluence |
abundance; wealth |
|
affliction |
state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on |
|
affirmation |
positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination |
|
affinity |
feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages |
|
affiliation |
joining; associating with |
|
affidavit |
written statement made under oath |
|
affected |
artificial; pretended |
|
affable |
easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly |
|
aesthetic |
artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful ; CF. aesthete; CF. aesthetics |
|
aerie |
nest of a large bird of prey |
|
aegis |
shield; protection; defense |
|
advocate |
speak in favor of; support ; urge; plead for |
|
advocacy |
support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something |
|
advert |
refer |
|
adversity |
great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calamitous event |
|
adverse |
going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile |
|
adversary |
opponent; enemy |
|
adventitious |
accidental; casual; happening by chance |
|
advent |
arrival |
|
adulterate |
make impure or of poorer quality by adding inferior or tainted substances |
|
adulation |
flattery; admiration that is more than is necessary or deserved |
|
adroit |
skillful |
|
adorn |
decorate |
|
admonish |
warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; reprove |
|
adjutant |
staff officer assisting the commander; assistant |
|
adjuration |
solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; enjoin solemnly |
|
adjunct |
something attached to but holding an inferior position |
|
adjacent |
adjoining; neighboring; close by |
|
adherent |
supporter; follower |
|
adhere |
stick fast; be a devoted follower; N. adhesion: adhering; devotion; loyalty |
|
adept |
expert at; very skilled |
|
address |
direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one's efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech |
|
addle |
make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; become rotten |
|
addiction |
compulsive habitual need |
|
addendum |
addition; appendix to book; something that is added |
|
adapt |
make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel. |
|
adamant |
hard; inflexible |
|
adage |
wise saying; proverb |
|
acute |
sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. ~ sense of smell/analysis/pain |
|
acumen |
mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen |
|
acuity |
sharpness |
|
actuate |
motivate; activate; cause to act |
|
actuary |
someone who advises insurance companies |
|
actuarial |
calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics |
|
acrophobia |
fear of heights |
|
acrimonious |
stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or behavior |
|
acrid |
bitter ; sharp; bitterly pungent |
|
acquittal |
deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct in a specified manner |
|
acquiesce |
assent; agree passively; comply without protest |
|
acoustics |
science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in |
|
acme |
peak; pinnacle; highest point |
|
acknowledge |
recognize; admit |
|
acidulous |
slightly sour ; sharp; caustic |
|
acetic |
vinegary |
|
acerbity |
bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bitter; acrid |
|
accrue |
come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrual |
|
accretion |
growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete |
|
accoutre |
equip; N. accoutrement |
|
accost |
approach and speak first to a person |
|
accord |
agreement |
|
accomplice |
partner in crime |
|
accommodate |
oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging |
|
accolade |
award of merit; strong praise and approval |
|
acclivity |
sharp up slope of a hill; OP. declivity |
|
acclimate |
adjust to climate or environment; adapt |
|
acclaim |
applaud; praise; greet with great approval; announce with great approval; Ex. The new drug has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise |
|
accessory |
additional object; useful but not essential thing |
|
accessible |
easy to approach; obtainable |
|
accelerate |
move faster |
|
accede |
agree |
|
academic |
related to a school; not practical or directly useful |
|
abyss |
enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit |
|
abysmal |
bottomless |
|
abut |
border upon; adjoin |
|
abusive |
coarsely insulting; physically harmful |
|
abstruse |
obscure; profound; difficult to understand |
|
abstract |
theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational |
|
abstinence |
restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote |
|
abstemious |
sparing in eating and drinking; temperate |
|
abstain |
refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote; |
|
absolve |
pardon |
|
absolute |
complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism |
|
abscond |
depart secretly and hide |
|
abscission |
cutting off; separation |
|
abrogate |
abolish |
|
abridge |
condense or shorten |
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abrasive |
rubbing away; tending to grind down |
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abortive |
unsuccessful; fruitless |
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aboriginal |
being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine |
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abominate |
loathe; hate |
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abominable |
detestable; extremely unpleasant |
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abolish |
cancel; put an end to |
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abnegation |
1 : deny, renounce <~ed their God> 2 : surrender, relinquish <~ed her powers> |
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ablution |
washing |
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abjure |
renounce upon oath |
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abject |
wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology |
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abhor |
detest; hate |
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abeyance |
suspended action |
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abet |
assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage |
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aberration |
deviation from the normal; mental disorder |
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aberrant |
abnormal or deviant |
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abdicate |
to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, esp. in a formal manner: The aging founder of the firm decided to ~. |
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abbreviate |
shorten |
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abate |
subside or moderate |
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abash |
embarrass |
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abase |
lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make lose self-respect |