 | Term | Definition |
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Type of bonding between carbon atoms |
How are properties of 'carbon compounds' determined? |
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containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
What is a Hydrocarbon? |
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Containing single bond |
Define 'Alkane' |
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c2h2n+2 |
Formula for Alkane |
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any branched chained alkane. Have same number of carbon atoms and thus same molecular formula but different structural formula. |
What are 'Isomers' |
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International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry |
IUPAC |
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Reviews the rules for naming organic compounds |
Role of 'IUPAC' |
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1. Molecular 2. Structural 3. Condensed Structural Formula 4. Constituitional formula |
What are the four types of formulas of hydrocarbons? |
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shows the number of each atom present in the compound.c2h4 |
Molecular Formula |
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Shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule. |
Structural Formula |
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Indicates bond between carbon atom and sometimes other. ch3-ch3 |
Condensed Structural Formula |
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shows how atoms would be arranged but no bonds are shown. ch2ch2 |
Constitutional Formula |
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A group of atoms obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane |
Alkyl Group |
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1.Alkanes 2. Alkenes 3. Alkynes |
What are the three common Homologous series? |
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Via the type of bonding present |
How can we distinguish between different Homologous series? |
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A series in which all the members have the same functional grpup and the same general molecular formula. |
Homologuous series |
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It is an atom of group of atoms which gives an homologous series its chemical properties |
Functional group |
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Compounds which contains single bond |
Saturated Compounds |
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Compounds that contain double bond |
Unsaturated Compounds |
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Reaction with bromine water |
Which test allows to distinguish between a 'saturated' and 'unsaturated' compound? |
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saturated compound+bromine water--> brown colour remains |
What would happen if a compound is saturated [ bromine water experiment] |
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Unsaturated Compound+Bromine Water--> Brown Changes to colourless |
What would happen if a compound is unsaturated [ bromine water experiment] |
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Addition Reaction --> alkene+hydrogen--[Heat/or ctalyst] --> alkane |
How is unsaturated compound converted to saturated?+ Provide an equation |
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Have a halogen such as flourine,chlorine, bromine or iodine attached to the main hydrocaron chain |
Haloalkanes |
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Dispersion forces between their molecules as well as how closely the molecule can pack together |
What do physical properties of alkenes and alkanes depend on? |
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type of bond = covalent. It can be single, double or triple |
describe the type of bonds found in hydrocarbons. |
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Greater the number of carbon atoms, higher the melting and boiling point |
Describe the relationship between the number of carbons in a compound and its melting and boiling points. |
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See page 484 |
Descr. the chemical test used to distinguish bet. saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. |
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Petrol,diesel, oil [ all by fractional distillation] |
What are some of the fractions that 'petroleum' is seperated into? |
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Past obtained from the distillation mixture |
What is meant by 'Fraction'? |
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Smaller molecular gas[that make up a fraction] used in manu. of polymers |
What is meant by 'feedstock'? |
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Heat-->joins smaller chain molecules[monomers] 2 prdce large chain cmpds called polymers |
What is 'polymerisation'? |
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Fossil fuels - non renewable |
What is the main source to produce artificial polymers |
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It is a liquid containing mixture of solid, liquid and gases. Once extracted, the mixtures are seperated into fractions via fractional distillation. |
What does petroleum consists of? |
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-NOt enough petrol devised via the fractions.2. Straight chain hydrocarbon= burnt so rapidly that they prodced knocking or pingin in the engine. Therefore,catalytic cracking is the solution to the quality and quantity problems |
Why want 'catalytic cracking'? |
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Changes large chain fractions into smaller fraction when heated in the presence of a catalyst [ slicia-aluminia] |
Catalytic cracking |
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-Organic[Zeolite] - Have very porous silicate minerals that provide a surface on thich the large molecule can split.-It is recycled in the catalytic process. |
Describe the catalyst used in the 'catalytic cracking' |
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Straight chain hydrocarbons passed appr. heated catalyst, where they r being converted into branched chain and ring shaped hydrocarbons.we obtain an increased amount of pertrol.branched chains causes less engine knocking. |
How 'catalytic cracking works' |
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synthetic polymers are made via addition reaction. In this a fixed amnt of intiator is added to the reacting monomer & breaks the double bond + prvdes a site for further cracking.The monomer quickly combines with each other 2 prdce desried polymer.[ A catalyst could also be added 2 speed things up + help control the properties of the polymer] . The reaction is then terminated using a inhibitor. |
How are 'polymers made' |
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- Two alternating monomers used. Water = by product 3.Polymers are normally called 'plastics' Examples = Teflon + nylon |
Condensation Polymer |
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1. Type of monomer used 2. Chain Length 3. Extent of branching |
What do properties of polymers depend upon? |
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By changing the type of monomer used and how it is joined |
How can we make the polymer we desire? |
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Polymers with little or no branching |
Thermoplastics |
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Branched polymer with a cross linked structure. This resists being reshaped or reformed by heating |
Thermosets |
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See page 16 |
Common additional polymers and some of their uses |
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Polyethylene |
What is the world's most used plastic? |
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- Produced by steam cracking of petroleum or natural gas. |
Ethene |
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-Heat + Catalyst causes double bond in the unsaturated ethene molecule to brk to form long chain. |
Polymerisation of Ethene |
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see page 17 for diagram |
low density + high density polyethylene |
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an atom or |
Free radical |
