Set: chap 20, 21, and 22

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All 233 Terms

Term Definition
respiratory and circulatory what two systems both participate in the respiratory process
gas exchange primary function of the respiratory system
lungs and capillaries where does gas exchange occur
smell olfaction means
olfactory when we inhale, scent molecules pass over the mucosal lining in the nasal cavity and the information is taken to the brain by what nerve
sound what is produced by air moving over the vocal cords
wastes the respiratory system helps to maintain the oxygen levels in the blood and also secretes_________ such as carbon dioxide and heat
acidic excess CO2 can lead to an _______ condition
vomer, ethmoid bones, and hyaline cartilage the nasal septum is formed by the
nasal conchae ridges that extend out of each lateral wall and terminate at the throat
nasal cavity the mucosal lining of the ______ contains blood capillaries, cells with cilia, and goblet cells
cilia traps air particles and moves them up and our or down the throat
cilia hairlike projections on the outer surfaces of certain cells
goblet cells produces mucas that moistens the air and traps incoming particles
pharynx another name for the throat
respiratory and digestive what two systems share the pharynx (throat)
tonsils the pharynx contains ______ which help the immune system by protection against inhaled or ingested pathogens
larynx voice box
thyroid cartilage adams apple
vibration and produces sound when air passes over vocal cords it causes
epiglottis what closes the trachea during swallowing
prevents food from entering passageways why does the trachea close during swallowing
wind pipe what is the trachea also known as
allows the esophagus to expand for swallowing what is the purpose of the half ring cartilages
R & L primary bronchi the trachea bifurcates to form the
bronchioles the bronchi branch out into smaller divisions called
smooth muscle as bronchioles become smaller they have less cartilage and more.....
alveoli tiny sacs attached to the distal ends of the bronchioles
elastic connective tissue the alveoli are made of a single layer of epithelial cells blended with
300 million how many alveoli do the lungs contain
surfactants are phosolipids that assist in the exchange of gas in the alveoli, reduce surface tension, and contribute to the elasticity of pulmonary tissue
3 the right lung has _____ lobes
2 the left lung has _____ lobes
heart the left lung has 2 lobes because the _____ is localized on the left side
cardiac notch the depression in the left lung
pleural membrane membrane that lines the lungs
serous fluid the pleural membrane secretes _____. it prevents friction, allowing the lungs to move easily during respiration
diaphragm the _______ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
central tendon the diaphragm muscle inserts into its
descending aorta, inferior vena cava, and esophagus what three things pass through the diaphragm
contracts when the diaphragm _________ it pulls down, creating a vacuum int he chest cavity, which sucks air down into the lungs
relaxes when the diaphragm ______ it rises, allowing the lungs to deflate, and push out air as a result
trigger points what limits the effects of inhalation one the diaphragm
breathing, external respiration, and internal respiration what are the three processes to get O2 from the atmosphere to the cells of the body
pulmonary ventilation breathing is also called
inhalation and exhalation the two phases of breathing
diaphragm and external intercostals normal inspiration is caused by which muscles
scm, scalenes, and pec minor forced inspiration is performed by what accessory muscles
normal expiration when the diaphragm relaxes, and air is forced out of the lungs
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles forced expiration is performed by what muscles
15-20 normal breathing rate is _____ times a min
carbon dioxide the respiratory center in the brain stem that controls respiratory rate is influenced by the amount of _____ in the blood.
phrenic nerve the brain stem sends impulses down the ___________ to the diaphragm
hyperventilation rapid breathing is called
breath holding carbon dioxide buildup in the blood limits
respiratory rate increase in body temperature increases
decreases respiratory rate decrease in body temperature
dyspnea difficulty (bad) breathing
tachypnea fast breathing
bradypnea slow breathing
vital capacity the total amount of air that can forcibly be inhaled & exhaled from the lungs in one breath
diffusion respiration takes place by
respiration gas exchange =
external and internal respiration respiration occurs through two distinct processes...
external respiration gas exchange between blood and air in the alveoli that came from the external environment
internal respiration gas exchange between blood and body tissues
coughing helps clear the lungs & lower respiratory passageways of irritants
crying is a response to emotions
hiccups are intermittent contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmatic closure of the vocal cords
laughing is a response to happiness, being tickled, or something funny
sneezing clears up respiratory passageways
snoring results from vibration of the uvula and soft palate
yawn is caused by the need to increase oxygen content and decrease carbon dioxide in the blood
apnea a temporary cessation or absence of spontaneous breathing
asthma a chronic, inflammatory disorder in which the smooth muscles of the small bronchi and bronchioles spasms to close causing labored breathing
tidal volume normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume extra amount of air after a normal breath
expiratory reserve volume pushing out all the air in your lungs
parasympathetic nervous system digestive functions are initiated by the _________ during periods of low stress.
parasympathetic nervous system rest and digest
stress, anger, fear, and anxiety what type of emotions slow digestion
ingestion eating
digestion breaking down food into usable substances
absorption usable substances into the bloodstream
defecation elimination of unabsorbed material
alimentary canal another name for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
alimentary canal what are they in-> oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines
smooth muscle the alimentary canal is primarily _______ and is responsible for most movements and mixing actions
sphincter a ring of muscle fiber that regulates movement of materials from one compartment of the gi tract
peristalsis wavelike involuntary contractions that mix and propel materials in the gi tract
bolus a soft ball of chewed food
peritoneum the __________ is the largest serous membrane in the body and is lubricated with serious fluid to permit digestive structures and other visceral organs to glide easily against the abdominal wall without friction
peritoneum sections of the _________ include the mesenteries. parietal and visceral peritoneum, & greater and lesser omentum
oral cavity the mouth is also called the ______ and contains the teeth and tongue
digestion begins in the oral cavity
mastication chewing
deglutition swallowing
nitroglycerin no absorption takes place in the mouth except for some meds such as
starches and fats saliva initiates digestion of
submandibular, sublingual, and large parotid glands three places where saliva is produced
pharynx proper name for the throat
sphincter the stomach is bound at the ends by
cardioesophageal sphincter/ cardiac sphincter sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach
pyloric sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines
stomach what is located under the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
rugae the longitudinal folds in the stomach
rugae what allows the stomach to grow
blend and digest food what do the muscles of the stomach do
protein the stomach is where we initiate the digestion of
chyme when the bolus mixes with gastric juices its blended and digested and reduced to a thin vicous fluid called
chyme vomit
hydrochloric acid the major substance produced in the stomach that kills bacteria and other pathogens
wood hydrochloric is so powerful it can eat through
alkaline mucous hydrochloric acid doesnt eat through the stomach wall because its protected by a thick layer of
small intestines the _________ is the longest section of the alimentary canal
pyloric sphincter and ileocecal sphincter the small intestines is bound at both ends by the
vili the lining of the small intestines contains numerous
blood and lymph capillaries vili are finger like projections that house
vili what increases surface area of the small intestines for more efficient absorption
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum three divisions of the small intestines
duodenum the first section is the _____, its about 10-12 inches long
the sphincter of oddi what regulates the flow of secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder into the small intestines
jejunum the second part of the small intestines _______. it is about 6 feet long
jejunum the vili are larger in the _______ to increase absorption
ileum the last section of the small intestines. its about 9 feet long
ileocecal sphincter the ileum terminates at the
lacteals the ileum contains numerous clusters of _________ to enhance fat absorption
mesenteries all divisions of the small intestines and post abdominal wall are connected to each other by the
mesenteries a large, fan shaped structure
mesenteries the greater and lesser omentum is part of the
90 the small intestine is responsible for ______ % of absorption
stomach and large intestines the other 10% of absorption happens in the
blood digested foodstuffs that have been absorbed by the kidneys are transported to the
cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic enzyme secretion
chole med terminology. gall
cysto med terminology. bladder
colon the large intestines is called the
mucus the _______ that the large intestines produces allows the fecal matter to move down more easily
water, minerals, and vitamins what are the only substances that can be absorbed by the large intestines
cecum, colon proper, rectum, anal canal, and anus the divisions of the large intestines
ascending, transverse, and descending the colon proper consists of
ileocecal the valve between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum of the large intestines
flexure a turn or bend of the colon
appendix what is suspended from the cecum
lymph what type of gland is the appendix
hepatic the ascending colon travels up the right side of the abdomen and turns at the _______ flexure
transverse after turning at the hepatic flexure it moves horizontally from right to left forming the ______ colon.
splenic after the transverse colon it takes a downward turn at the _____ flexure.
descending after turning downward at the splenic flexure it travels down the left side of the abdomen through the ______ colon
sigmoid after the descending colon it turns back toward the right to form the ______ flexure. then it becomes the sigmoid colon (has an S shape)
anal canal the colon finally reaches the rectum and terminates at the __________, opening to the outside at the anus
storage main function of the rectum and anal canal
constipation what may result if you suppress the urge to poop! ( water is absorbed from the colon)
small intestines accessory organs produce substances that aid in digestion in the
liver the largest internal organ is the
liver this thing is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
kupffer's cells they destroy pathogens and more foreign materials out of the blood before sending it through the hepatic vein
stomach and intestines the blood originates in the ____________ and through the hepatic portal system
500 how many functions does the liver have
bile the liver produces _____ , which enters the gall bladder then to the duodenum of the small intestinew
breaks down fat function of bile
alcohol, nicotine, and other poisons the liver detoxifies what substances
bile what is stored in the gall bladder
gall bladder the ________ is located on the inferior surface of the liver
cholecystokinin stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder
pancreas the ____ is located inferior and posterior to the curve of the stomach
pancreas the _____ is the most important digestive gland because it secretes enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods
duodenum enzymes from the pancreas empty into the
alkaline pancreatic enzymes are secreted in an _______ fluid to neutralize the acid chyme from the stomach
cellular capillary nutrient delivery takes place at the ______ level
proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water to be beneficial at the cellular capillary level, food must be broken down into its component parts
amino acids proteins contain large amounts of
essential the body cannot make them. they must be obtained from dietary sources ( meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and soy)
non-essential the body can make them
amino acids building blocks of protein
energy carbohydrates are the preferred source of
insulin ingested carbs are mediated by the hormorne ______ , are absorbed immediately or stored as glycogen
fats ______ are composed of lipids or fatty acids and can range from a solid to a liquid
fat helps to cushion and insulate viceral organs
saturated bad fats are
unsaturated good fats are
vitamins are either fat soluble or water soluble
a, d, e and k fat soluble vitamins are
b and c water soluble vitamins are
antioxidant a substance that inhibits of retards oxidation
e, c, d and beta carotene which vitamins are antioxidants
vitamin d functions as a hormone
vitamin a enhances the immune system
trace minerals are needed in ______ amounts
minerals _____ are needed in trace amounts. calcium, magnesium, boron, chromium, and vanadium
every cell water based fluids surround ______
protein the breakdown of ______ produces nitrogen wastes such as ammonia and urea
respiratory what system eliminates waste through exhalation
integumentary what system eliminates waste through sweating
digestive what system eliminates waste through excretion
urinary what system eliminates waste through urination
functions of the urinary system eliminates metabolic waste, regulates blood pH and its chemical composition, regulates blood volume and fluid balance, regulates blood pressure, and maintain homeostasis
kidneys what controls the amount of water reabsorbed into the circulatory system
death what could happen to the body if the kidneys malfunction. ( it causes dangerous changes in the blood)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra four basic structures the urinary system contain
T10-L3 where are the kidneys located
fat the kidneys are surrounded by _____. its a barrier against trauma and the spread of infection
liver the right kidney is lower because the ______ is on the right side
tapotement dont do this on your kidneys!!!!!
nephrons basic filtering unit of the kidneys (kidneys cells)
waste nephrons filter ______ products from blood
glomerular capsule the _____ is a section of the nephron where urine formation begins
renal tubule the glomerular capsule becomes
renal tubule a urine routing vessel
renal artery what artery takes blood to the kidneys
hydrostatic pressure and osmosis what two processed move fluids across membranes in the body
hydrostatic pressure the pressure exherted on the fluids by the weight of the fluid itself, pressure of a muscular contractions on the fluids from an external source
osmosis the movements of fluids and their particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
three filtration of the blood and formation of urine is a ____ step process
glomeruli 1/3 steps in the formation of urine. the watery blood plasma is filtered in the ______
renal tubes 2/3 steps in the formation of urine. water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the ______
discharged 3/3 tubular secretions of unwated elements are ______ back into the filtrate. urine is then produced
45 gallons of filtrate are produced within 24 hours.
blood most of filtrate is reabsorbed back into the ______. 99% of fluids are reabsorbed
reabsorption much of the bodys water, along with much needed substances such as glucose and amino acids . are retained and returned to the blood through a process of
heart rhythm potassium ion secretion prevents a build up of ions that would effect
ureters are two slender hollow tubes about 10 inches long that transport urine formed by the kidneys to the urinary bladder
peristaltic urine is drained by _______ activity
urinary bladder what is located behind the pubic symphasis
urinary bladder provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine
micturition another name for urination
urethra a small tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder out of the body during urination
96 ___% or urine is water
diuretic substance promoting the formation and excretion of urine
antidiuretic what hormone is secreted to regulate the water balance of the body
blood volume blood pressure is directly proportional to
kidneys the mechanism that controls blood pressure and blood volume is located in the ______
aldosterone renin causes the release of

Set Information

Terms 233
Creator argibson
Created March 25, 2008
Group TSTM Accelerated Class
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argibson : Changed pyloric sphincter and ileocecal sphinter → the small intestines is bound at both ends by the to pyloric sphincter and ileocecal sphincter → the small intestines is bound at both ends by the
argibson : Changed bronchioles → the bronchi branch out into smaller divisions called bronchioles. to bronchioles → the bronchi branch out into smaller divisions called
argibson : Changed reabsortion → much of the bodys water, along with much needed substances such as glucose and amino acids . are retained and returned to the blood through a process of to reabsorption → much of the bodys water, along with much needed substances such as glucose and amino acids . are retained and returned to the blood through a process of
argibson : Changed e, c, d, and beta carotene → which vitamins are antioxidants to e, c, d and beta carotene → which vitamins are antioxidants
argibson : Changed phloric sphincter → sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines to phloric → sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines
argibson : Changed antidiuretic hormone → what hormone is secreted to regulate the water balance of the body to antidiuretic → what hormone is secreted to regulate the water balance of the body
argibson : Changed increases respiratory rate → increase in body temperature increases to respiratory rate → increase in body temperature increases
argibson : Changed phloric → sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines to pyloric → sphincter between the stomach and the small intestines
argibson : Changed stored fats → helps to cushion and insulate viceral organs to fats → helps to cushion and insulate viceral organs
argibson : Changed duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum → three divisions of the small intestines to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum → three divisions of the small intestines
argibson : Changed startches and fats → saliva initiates digestion of to starches and fats → saliva initiates digestion of
argibson : Changed ileosecal → the valve between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum of the large intestines to ileocecal → the valve between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum of the large intestines
argibson : Changed sphincters → the stomach is bound at the ends by to sphincter → the stomach is bound at the ends by
argibson : Changed peritoneum → sections of the _________ include the messenteries. parietal and visceral peritoneum, & greater and lesser omentum to peritoneum → sections of the _________ include the mesenteries. parietal and visceral peritoneum, & greater and lesser omentum
argibson : Changed fats → helps to cushion and insulate viceral organs to fat → helps to cushion and insulate viceral organs
argibson : Changed submandibular glands, sublingual glands, and large parotid gland → three places where saliva is produced to submandibular, sublingual, and large parotid glands → three places where saliva is produced
argibson : Changed type a and e → hepatitis type transferred bye fecal contaminated food and water to type a and e → hepatitis type transferred by fecal contaminated food and water
argibson : Changed the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity → contains blood capillaries, cells with cilia, and goblet cells to nasal cavity → the mucosal lining of the ______ contains blood capillaries, cells with cilia, and goblet cells
argibson : Changed it prevents food from entering passageways → why does the trachea close during swallowing to prevents food from entering passageways → why does the trachea close during swallowing
argibson : Changed it breaks down large fat → function of bile to breaks down fat → function of bile
argibson : Changed blends and digests food → what do the muscles of the stomach do to blend and digest food → what do the muscles of the stomach do
argibson : Changed acidic gastric → ulcers develop where the digestive tract is exposed to to acidic gastric juice → ulcers develop where the digestive tract is exposed to
argibson : Changed olfactory nerve → when we inhale, scent molecules pass over the mucosal lining in the nasal cavity and the information is taken to the brain by what nerve to olfactory → when we inhale, scent molecules pass over the mucosal lining in the nasal cavity and the information is taken to the brain by what nerve
argibson : Changed breathing, external respiration, internal respiration → what are the three processes to get O2 from the atmosphere to the cells of the body to breathing, external respiration, and internal respiration → what are the three processes to get O2 from the atmosphere to the cells of the body
argibson : Changed allows the trachea to expand for swallowing → what is the purpose of the half ring cartilages to allows the esophagus to expand for swallowing → what is the purpose of the half ring cartilages
argibson : Changed essental → the body cannot make them. they must be obtained from dietary sources ( meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and soy) to essential → the body cannot make them. they must be obtained from dietary sources ( meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and soy)
argibson : Changed kidneys → the mechanism that controls blood pressure and blood volume is the located ______ to kidneys → the mechanism that controls blood pressure and blood volume is located in the ______
argibson : Changed R & L primary bronchii → the trachea bifurcates to form the to R & L primary bronchi → the trachea bifurcates to form the
argibson : Changed tachpnea → fast breathing to tachypnea → fast breathing
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Most Missed Words

  1. duodenum → enzymes from the pancreas empty into the - 26 misses
  2. renal tubes → 2/3 steps in the formation of urine. water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the ______ - 25 misses
  3. stomach and intestines → the blood originates in the ____________ and through the hepatic portal system - 22 misses
  4. the sphincter of oddi → what regulates the flow of secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder into the small intestines - 19 misses
  5. tidal volume → normal breath - 18 misses
  6. goblet cells → produces mucas that moistens the air and traps incoming particles - 17 misses
  7. cholecystokinin → stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder - 17 misses