 | Term | Definition |
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Steel |
The Bessemer Steel Process was the new method to produce more than 90% of the nations steel. First Monopoly is steel was made by Andrew Carnegie |
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Railroads |
Made of steel. Made local transit reliable and westward expansion possible for business and people. Before the civil war there was only about 30,000 miles of laid track, by 1890 the figure was nearly 6 times that. |
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Assembly Line |
A new way of working. Unskilled workers could be hired and paid for less. |
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Christopher Sholes |
invented the typewriter |
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Thomas Edison |
Perfected the incandescent light bulb |
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Alexander Graham Bell |
Invented the telephone |
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George Pullman |
Invented the sleeping car |
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Henry Bessemer |
Bessemer Process (steel) |
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Laissez faire economics |
Non interference with the affairs of others |
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Skyscrapers |
New building techniques (city's grew up and out) |
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Mass transit |
moved larger amounts of people at a time. Created more job opportunities for suburbs. Used street cars, etc. |
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Sherman Anti-trust act |
MAde it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries |
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Andrew Carnegie |
Carnegie Steel. MONOPOLY. Partnered with Rockefeller. Was a steel tycoon. Used Vertical and Horizontal integration. Also, a great philanthropist. |
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Unions |
Low wages and unsafe working conditions cause workers to revolt and group together. (Ex. American Railway Union, Child Labor Movement, Women Labor Movement, Industrial Workers of the World, Social Gospel Movement) |
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Central Powers |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria |
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Allied Powers |
Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US |
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Nationalism |
A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation |
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Great Migration |
200,000 to 550,000 African American's moved northward from 1915-1930. Enjoyed the better standard of living, still there was racial tension and violence. |
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Challenges to Neutrality |
British blockade, Germany establishing a war zone around Great Britain, the sinking of the Lusitania, U-boat warfare |
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Liberty Bonds |
A special type of war bond to help support the Allied forces |
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Zimmermann Note |
a secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side |
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Trench warfare |
fighting in ditches dug in the ground. It was how each side in WW1 fought |
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Spark of WW1 |
When the Serbians assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir the the Austria-Hungary throne |
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Russian Revolution |
Two revolutions of 1917 took Russia out of WW1 |
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League of Nations |
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Consisted of a permanent administrative staff,an assembly, and a council. The council was intended to have five members; France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the US. Member nations were to try to resolve disputes peacefully. If negotiations failed, they were to observe a waiting period before they went to war. It was established in 1920 without the US. |
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Treaty of Versailles |
Terms: Germany's colonies and Turkey were divided among the Allied Nations, The mandate system which required new colonial leaders to report their administration to the League of Nations, Created new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, France reclaimed Alsace-Corraine and Germany lost its colonies |
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Why didn't the US participate in the League of Nations |
They agreed with everything except for article 10. Article 10 states that if any member went to war, the others would fight for it also. Wilson thought that it defeated to point of the League of Nations |
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Bull Market |
When the stock market is rising or expected to rise |
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Bear Market |
When the stock market is falling or expected to fall |
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Shanty towns |
Also known as Hoovervilles. Those with no home or work would create small town like areas of trash, boxes, boards, etc. Many were later burned out by the police force. |
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Herbert Hoover |
President during the Great Depression. Not well liked. Ignored the depression of the country and the lack of jobs and homes. |
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Farmers |
The Dust Bowl destroyed most Western farms. Much of the land was taken over for machine manufactured farming. Many farmers and families moved farther west to California during the 1930's. |
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4 main causes of the Great Depression |
Tariffs and war debt policies, over production of goods, global economic downturn, the availability of easy credit. |
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Rugged Individualism |
The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover. |
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Breadlines |
Many men had to stand in breadlines, similar to soup kitchens, in order to provide food to their family. |
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Stock Market Crash |
Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. |
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The Great Upheaval |
A year of many strikes over labor issues |
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Babe Ruth |
Famous baseball player for the Yankees |
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Henry Ford |
created the 8 hour work day, and raised wages to 5$/day. Made his cars affordable for almost every family at the time |
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Prohibition |
the ban of alcohol. In the 1920's however, smuggling was made into a job. Speakeasies arose. (underground clubs) |
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Fundamentalism |
An exact translation of the Bible was taken and acted upon. Led religious revivals. Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson were some popular names at the time |
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Flappers |
The stylish women of the 1920's. Shorter cut skirts and hair. Black hair. Took a bigger role is society; the workplace, politics, etc. |
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Ku Klux Klan |
Grew to 4.5 million in the early 1920's. a group against African Americans. Burned crosses, killed influential blacks, and whites supporting the blacks. |
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Goals of Progressivism |
(1) protect social welfare (2) create economic reform (3) promote moral improvement (4) fostering efficiency |
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NAACP |
(1906) North American Association of Colored People; founded by W.E.B. Dubois & Jane Addams |
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire |
(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions) |
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Gilded Age |
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor |
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Teddy Roosevelt |
26th President (1901-1909) Republican, Harvard Grad, youngest to be president (after McKinley died), filed anti-trust suits |
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Yellow Dog Contracts |
contracts employees signed, giving them low wages and conditions like not joining unions |
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Blacklists |
lists of people not to hire, usually people associated with unions or rebels |
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Prohibition |
1920 - 1933; the ban of alcohol for any purpose other than medical |
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American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
1866 - large labor union headed by Samuel Gompers, used strikes to raise wages |
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Knights of Labor |
1969 - labor union led by Uriah Stephens; open to all laborers, regardless of race, gender, skill... etc; "an injury to one is a concern to all." |
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Philanthropist |
someone who donates time, money, or resources |
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Muckrakers |
This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. |
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Tenements |
multi-family urban dwelling - crowded, unsanitary |
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Settlement Houses |
community centers providing help to mostly foreign immigrants in slum neighborhoods |
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Voting |
Women gain the right to vote in 1919 |
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Spanish American War |
U.S. helped Cuba gain freedom from Spain -> Causes: de Lome letter is intercepted and published, it insults McKinley; U.S.S. Maine explodes in Cuban port, killing 260 |
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Rough Riders |
volunteer cavalry led by Wood and Roosevelt |
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Cuba |
sold to US in the Treaty of Paris (along with the Philippines) |
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Big Stick Policy |
Roosevelt's corollary to Monroe Doctrine. Claimed the US had the right to interfere with other countries in the western hemisphere |
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Ethnocentrism |
the belief that your culture is superior or correct above others |
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Dollar Diplomacy |
Taft's idea of using economic influence rather than force to protect US |
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Boxer Rebellion |
1900 - Chinese gang rebels against foreigners in China |
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Open Door Policy |
China's ports were open to every country at all times |
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Hawaii |
>Kalakaua is king in 1886 & tries to minimize US influence >400 Americans organize to overthrow him and force him to sign Bayonet Constitution (giving US the rights to Pearl Harbor) >1891 his sister succeeds him & tries to return power to the people >Annexation of Hawaii |
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Mexican Revolution |
>Diaz was president for more than 30 years >Madero wins over Diaz in 1910 election (democrat) >Huerta seizes control in 1913, killing Madero >Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta as a leader |
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Dough Boys |
slang for American soldiers (because of their uniforms) |
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Jazz |
Originated among African Americans in the south, esp. New Orleans (Big Bands popularized jazz for dancing) |
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Planned Obsolescence |
Products are designed to be obsolete (think: ipods) |
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Forms of Entertainment |
Commercial Radio (by 1929 more than 800 stations reached more than 10 million homes), Nickelodeons ($.05 / sound added to movies), Dancing, Drinking, Speakeasies, Jazz |
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Charles Lindbergh |
Pilot, First to fly nonstop solo from New York to Paris (had a Ticker-tape parade) |
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Harlem Renaissance |
Period of artistic development of african american writers, artists, actors, and musicians in the 1920s |
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