 | Term | Definition |
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definition of continuum mechanics |
is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematic and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum, e.g., solids and fluids (i.e., liquids and gases). A continuum is a body that can be continually sub-divided into infinitesimal small elements with properties being those of the bulk material. |
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Given 3 mutually orthogonal UNIT vectors (e1, e2, e3), e1 . e1 = ?, e1 . e2 = ? |
e1 . e1 = 1 (assume e1 is (1, 0, 0) e1 . e1 = 1i x 1i + 0j x 0j + 0k x 0k = 1. Whereas, if e2 = (0,1,0), e1 . e2 = 1i x 0i + 0j x 1j + 0k x 0k = 0. |
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What is meant by a second order tensor? How many entities/components? How about a 3rd order tensor? |
It's by doing a tensor product of two vectors which gives 3^2 (3 as in 3D space, 2 independent indexes hence second order?) = 9 entities |
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Given c indicates a component in a matrix, if there are 2 independent indices in 3 dimensional space. What is e(sub ij) representing and how many independent entities are there? |
e(ij) = e11 + e12 + e13 + e21 + e22 ...... 3 ^ 2 = 9 entities |
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What is the dyadic product/tensor product of u, v? What is the notation of tensor product? If C(matrix) is the tensor product, what is the value of c11 (using components of u and v)? |
The product of the first vector and the transpose of the second vector. |
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A transformation matrix is provided in a 3 x 3 axis. If the transformation is a, what does the element a(sub12) indicates? |
Given two distinct coordinate systems, the second CS can be defined given the cosine value (relationship) between every axis of the original CS and every axis of the new CS. Given the 2 CS has 3 coordinates, the transformation matrix (a) should have a size of 3 x 3, where cos (a(sub12) is the cosine value between axis 1 of original CS and axis 2 of new CS |
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What is meant by the invariants/eigenvalues of tensors? |
They have the same value in every coordinate system. |
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What are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of stress/strain tensors are also known as ....? |
Principal values and principal directions |
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If A is a 3 x 3 matrix, tr (A) = ? |
A11 + A22 + A33 |
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Consider a cube in 3D space with a traction force vector on each side, ...., then the vectors become the nine components of a second order stress tensor |
When the cube shrunk to an infinitesimal point |
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Is the Cauchy stress tensor defined in the undeformed state or deformed state? |
deformed, hence energetically conjugate to Almansi-Green strain tensor |
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Definition of strain |
the geometrical expression of deformation |
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How is strain express in terms of length? |
Change in length over length (undeformed/deformed) |
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constitutive equation |
a mathematical model used to describe the relationship between stress and deformation |
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Give a physical definition of an elastic materials |
One that stores energy under stress but does not disspate energy then returns to its original shape when the stress is removed |
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Give a mathematical definition of an elastic material |
If we can define a strain energy or elastic potential function for a material, and when differentiated that strain energy function defines stress in the material |
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What are the assumptions of linear elasticity? |
"small" deformations (or strains) and linear relationships between the components of stress and strain |
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Why use small strain tensor in linear elastic model? |
The linear elastic model assumes that the material experience only small deformation |
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Why is the linear elastic model not a suitable model for soft tissues |
Most soft tissues undergo strains that qualify as large deformation. The stiffness of a soft tissue will change with deformation, unlike a linear elastic model where the stiffness is constant as long as the material is in the elastic range. |
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The strain energy/elastic potential energy function is dependent on? |
Deformation gradient tensor and a constant determined experimentally |
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What is meant by Isotropy |
The quality of a property which does not depend on the direction |
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What is the Jacobian determinant a measure of? |
The ratio of the volume in the deformed configuration to the volume in the reference configuration |
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What is meant by incompressible material |
The volume of the tissue will not change during deformation, no matter how high the hydrostatic pressure |
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What is the Hydrostatic pressure? |
The resisting pressure |
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What are the components of a strain energy function for incompressibility? |
The strain energy function dependent on the deformation gradient tensor and the hydrostatic pressure (Lagrange multiplier) multiply by the incompressibility condition (J - 1) |
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What is meant by hyperelastic? |
Nonlinear elastic material where the stiffness of the material changes under deformation |
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What is the degree of freedom? |
the number of spatial coordinates required to completely describe the motion of a system. |
