 | Term | Definition |
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What development occurs during the baby's first months? |
coo/babble; discrimination of minimal pairs |
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what occurs during 6-10m of age? what change occurs at 10m? |
babbling, contrasts between sounds can be discrimnated;babbling with more sounds as well as stress and intonation |
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what development occurs at 1year? |
first words, constraint babbling made primarily of stops and vowels with Sw stress pattern, loss of non-native contrasts |
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what development occurs at 1.5 years? |
2 successive single word utterances, nasals and [w] |
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what development occurs at 2yrs? |
adult word order, reliable stress patterns |
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what development occurs at 2.5-3yrs? |
fricatives, determiners/pronouns, past tense and one clause sentence |
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what development occurs at 3-3.5years? |
the liquid [l], question utterance |
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what development occurs at 3.5-4yrs? |
liquid [r], multiclause sentences and relative clauses |
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what development occurs at 34.5-5 years? |
all phonemes, more conjunctions, metalinguistic abilities (defining words) |
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Phonetics |
study of the physical properties of sounds used in human speech |
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Phonology |
studies the sound system of a specific language and how speech sounds pattern together |
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Categories |
grouping of instances based on shared characteristics |
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neutralized category |
when categories are neutralized they show no contrast between two sounds (typically near category boundaries) |
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Broad category |
phonemes; focus on phonetic differences between sounds that distinguishes one word from another (like broad transcription, the basics) |
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narrow category |
phones/allophones; lots more detail, trancriptions with narrow categories allows any speaker to correctly pronounce the word |
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which transcription/category method is best for children? |
narrow because children do not yet have the adult system |
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what are the 3 speech sound categories? |
place,manner, voicing |
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place of articulation |
location of articulators in the vocal tract |
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manner of articulation |
the way that airflow is controlled |
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Voicing (laryngeal state) |
what is happening in the larynx with the vocal folds |
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What is a 'feature'? |
phonological based that pulls out functionally important aspects of speech sounds which can describe articulators, positioning, movements, control of airflow |
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IPA |
international phonetic alphabet; designed to capture phonological contrasts so no unambiguous way to indicate certain fine details (some symbols missing); assumes all speakers have the same vocal tract and equivalent neural control |
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What are the characteristics of a spread glottis? |
high airflow, voiceless |
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What are the characteristics of a constricted glottis? |
voicing, low supraglottal pressure, rapid rhythmic opening/closing of vocal folds |
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differences in vocal tract shape of a 6month old? |
no pharynx, shorter oral cavity, oral cavity is wider, upper surface of oral cavity is flatter, no teeth, larger tongue, NOT "L" SHAPED!!! |
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Normalization |
relation of F1 and F2 are consistent across vocal tracts (even though there is variation in size/shape of vocal tract) |
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what features make up cooing? |
single syllables, closed-then-open, velars/uvulars |
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babbling |
utterance of linguistic sounds without meaning; usually have onsets but no codas, stress not manipulated |
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what are the features of babbling? |
rhythmic opening/closing of oral cavity while voicing (identical in both deaf and hearing babies) |
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what are the features of canonical babbling? |
single syllables, reduplicative |
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what are the features of variegated babbling? |
fewer monosyllables, larger portion is non-reduplicative (infants with severe hearing impairment dont reach this stage) |
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what are the place of articulation statistics for normal hearing? |
dental then bilabial then velar |
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what are the place of articulation statistics for hearing impaired? |
labials then dentals then velars (relying heavily on visual info) |
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What learning effects occur at 10months? |
babbling is responsive to environment: observing/imitating adults, children from different language backgrounds start to sound different |
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what are the 4 techniques used when studying infants? |
sucking, head turning, eye movements, heartrate |
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high amplitude sucking |
when something new is presented sucking rate increases |
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heart rate measure |
when something new is presented the heart beat increases and slowly decreases as habituation occurs |
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headturning |
when the infant hears a new sound it will turn its head towards the sound |
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what is the relationship between perception and production? |
child may percieve hundreds of words before production; production fine tunes perceptions |
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free variation |
more than 1 pronunciation possible for same word in the same context |
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between word variability |
same adult target sound is pronounced differently in different words, but each word has a single stable pronunciation (ex: replacing 'd' with many consonants') |
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what is the bottom up processing of language? |
bottom=sound, top=meaning |
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what are 8 factors that influence transcription? |
quality of signal, transcriber competance, trancription level (broad/narrow), familiarity with phonetic characteristics not in language (weird diacritics), spelling, assumptions about target, connected speech vs. single words, complexity of stimuli |
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what is the prosodic heirarchy? |
prosodic word, foot, syllable, mora, segment, feature |
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what 3 things motivate the concept of a syllable? |
existence of phonotactics, stress is simplified using it, certain phonological operations (epenthesis) are understood better with reference to it |
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what is the sonority scale? |
stop, fricative, nasal, liquid, glide, vowel (low to high) |
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what are the optimal characterstics of a syllable? |
optimal start is as closed as possible followed by maximally open vocal tract |
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foot |
grouping of one or more syllables |
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word |
grouping of two or more feet |
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phrase |
grouping of two or more words |
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what 3 things help stress be realized? |
duration, loudness, pitch |
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trochaic stress |
left-headed stress |
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iambic stress |
right headed stress |
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stress clash |
two adjacent stressed syllables (SS) |
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what is in independent analysis? |
full analysis of child's sounds |
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what is a relational analysis? |
compare adult and child pronunciations |
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what are phonological features designed to capture? |
articulation of phonemes, aerodynamic qualitites excluding acoustics, patterns that phonemes take part in, natural classes |
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natural class |
group of sounds that share one or more distinctive features |
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binary feature and privative feature |
+ or - for a characteristic; segment with or without characteristic |
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what are the strength positions in the syllable? |
strong :word intial, intermediate : coda, weak: C2 in onset or intervocalic Consonant |
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what is the common pattern for sequence development? ('fixing of adult targets') |
delete, assimilate only, defaults only, correct output |
