Unit Four APWH Vocabulary

Set: Unit Four APWH Vocabulary

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All 111 Terms

	Term	Definition
	Industrial Revolution	The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications
	Agricultural Revolution	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled
	mass production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.
	Josiah Wedgwood	English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.
	division of labor	Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity,
	mechanization	The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes this was done to were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England.
	Richard Arkwright	English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
	Crystal Palace	Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
	steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. This power was then applied to machinery.
	James Watt	Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. An electrical measurement is named after him.
	electric telegraph	A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced similar systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.
	business cycles	Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence.
	laissez faire	The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of this principles is Adam Smith's Weath of Nations
	mercantilism	European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country
	positivism	A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Followers of this belief believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.
	utopian socialism	Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Followers of this belief hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
	Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla	Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.
	Jose Maria Morelos	Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.
	Confederation of 1867	Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
	Personalist leaders	Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US.
	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
	Jose Antonio Paez	A man who was very poweful but uneducated. He was a leader in South America because people trusted him.
	Benito Juarez	Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico
	Tecumseh	a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
	Caste War	A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901.
	Abolitionists	activists seeking to end the practice of slavery and the worldwide slave trade.
	Acculturation	the adoption of the language, customes, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants
	Women's Rights Convention	An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exculsion from an international antislaery meeting. they met at Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights.
	Development	In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education.
	Underdevelopment	The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.
	Zulu	A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.
	Sokoto Caliphate	large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
	Modernization	The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.
	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
	"Legitimate" trade	Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade.
	Recaptives	Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status.
	Nawab	A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.
	Sepoy	A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.
	British raj	The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government.
	Sepoy Rebellion	The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
	Durbar	An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.
	Indian Civil Service	The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.
	Indian National Congress	A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
	Clipper ship	Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts.
	Contract of Indenture	A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
	Muhammad Ali	Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme.
	Serbia	The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk.
	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
	Crimean War	A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed
	extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
	Young Ottomans	Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.
	Slavophile	Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic People.
	Pan-Slavism	A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
	Decembrist revolt	place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
	Opium War	War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
	Bannermen	Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire.
	Treaty of Nanking	Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
	treaty ports	Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In these places, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
	most-favored-nation status	A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories.
	Taiping Rebellion	The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.
	Railroads	Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first of these were built in England in the 1830s. Success of these caused a building boom lasting into the 20th Century
	Submarine telegraph cables	Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866.
	Steel	A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
	Electricity	A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
	Victorian Age	Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people
	"Separate Spheres"	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
	Socialism	Followers of this belief advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of labor parties in the late 1800s.
	Labor Unions	An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
	Karl Marx	German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).
	Anarchist	A person who believes government should not exist. People should be allowed to live freely in nature.
	Nationalism	Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was a force for unity in western Europe
	Liberalism	A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
	Giuseppe Garibaldi	(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
	Otto Von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
	Empress Dowager Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
	Meiji Restoration	The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
	Yamagata Aritomo	One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.
	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
	Benjamin Franklin	American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution.
	George Washington	Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States.
	Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.
	Constitutional Convention	Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of three classes in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Their calling in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
	National Assembly	French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
	Jacobins	Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
	Maximilien Robespierre	Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.
	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
	gens de couleur	Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
	Francois Dominique Touissaint L'Ouverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
	Congress of Vienna	Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napolean I (Bonaparte).
	Revolutions of 1848	Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
	Suez Canal	Ship canal dug in between Egypt and the Middle East, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
	New Imperialism	Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.
	Battle of Omdurman	British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns.
	Colonialism	Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of their power.
	"scramble" for Africa	Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
	Henry Morton Stanley	American reporter, came from a sad background, needed a father figure. "Dr. Livingstone, I presume" Became very close with D.L.
	King Leopold II	King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).
	Savorgnan de Brazza	Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880.
	Berlin Conference	Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.)
	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.
	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. It participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902
	Menelik	Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).
	Emilio Aguinaldo	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
	Free-Trade Imperialism	Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.
	Panama Canal	Ship canal cut in between North and South America by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to the host country on Jan 1, 2000.

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Terms	111
Creator	D-Wade
Created	April 22, 2008
Group	ECHS APWH class
Tags	coach b., baczynski, apwh, vocabulary
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These are the Unit Four Vocabulary words (Chapters 21-27).

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D-Wade : Changed Nationalism → Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe to Nationalism → Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was a force for unity in western Europe

D-Wade : Changed Panama Canal → Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 to Panama Canal → Ship canal cut in between North and South America by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to the host country on Jan 1, 2000.

D-Wade : Changed Asante → African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 to Asante → African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. It participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902

D-Wade : Changed Suez Canal → Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. to Suez Canal → Ship canal dug in between Egypt and the Middle East, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

queen_B_aka_jus_me : is it justme or is this assaignment that coach b gave ridiculious

queen_B_aka_jus_me : ohhh yeah this is britney

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