 | Term | Definition |
| |
Herbert Spencer |
(SF) society as an integrated system |
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Emile Durkheim |
(SF) collective consciousness/feelings of relationship/solidarity/trust |
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Merton |
(SF) strain theory of differential access/value of achievement/no access |
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Manifest functions |
intended purpose of social change |
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Latent functions |
unexpected consequence of social change |
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SF parts of society |
norms, roles, institutions, values |
| |
SF solutions |
realign political economy, reduction of welfare state |
| |
SF problems |
consensus is not society-wide/own special needs/interests conflict |
| |
Conflict Theory |
contradictory interests, inequalities between social groups |
| |
Karl Marx |
(CP) power/unequal distribution of resources/those with more want to maintain/those with less want to equalize |
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CT solutions |
re-establishing a consensus, change system |
| |
CT problems |
emphasis on economic factors/people as passive objects/stable elements of society |
| |
Symbolic Interactionism |
focuses on interaction, perception of situations, the ways in which social life is constructed through interaction (individual actors) |
| |
SI key terms |
attitudes/ideologies |
| |
Herbert Mead |
(SI) meanings emerge through interaction |
| |
Key foci of SI |
humans are symbol-manipulating, process/emergence, the social world as interactive, underlying patterns/forms of social life |
| |
SI problems |
ignores social structure/power/history |
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Matsueda/Crutchfield |
(Social disorganization theory under SF) Seattle neighborhood study |
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petition |
charge |
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adjudication |
trial |
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disposition |
sentencing |
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Trends in crime spike due to |
population youth, drug (crack cocaine), abortion |
| |
Process of juvenile justice system |
prosecution, court intake, formal processing, adjudication/disposition |
| |
Arrest rates for females |
continued to rise steadily since the 1980s |
| |
Females most involved with |
runaways, prostitution, embezzlement |
| |
Females least involved with |
rape, gambling, other sexual offenses |
| |
Violent crimes |
increased in late 80s/early 90s, decreased in almost every category of crime from mid 90s til now |
| |
Levitt |
Abortion legalization changed composition of birth cohorts |
| |
Sykes |
Abortion legalization did not cause a change in composition |
| |
Components of gangs |
organized groups with leaders, unified at peace/war, demonstrate unity, claim a geographic area, engage in criminal activity |
| |
U.S. Iran-Contra Affair |
columbian-based cocaine cartels, contra war in nicaragua, US support of the rebels |
| |
Becker |
(labeling/differential association under SI) social learning, ex. of how people learn to enjoy marijuana |
| |
Social disorganization |
theory under SF, social interaction is disordered, lacks social cohesion, breakdown in social control |
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culpable |
extent of guilt |
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amenable |
rehabilatatable |
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competency |
legal understanding |
| |
Assumptions of criminalization |
some youth are amenable/less culpable/less competent, etc. |
| |
judicial waiver |
goal is to punish violent juvenile offenders, juvenile court holds hearing |
| |
Rehabilitative juvenile court |
keep system as it is, individualized justice, focus on fixing the young people |
| |
Juvenile version of criminal court |
enhanced procedural protections, fairer process, less severe punishment than criminal courts |
| |
Abolish the juvenile court |
enhanced protection for young offenders, affirms individual responsibility, avoids punishment gap, no room for individualized assessments |
| |
Social Constructionism |
how particular conditions/issues come to be widely accepted as problematic, no universal condition/issue is inherently bad, rather conditions are labeled as bad |
| |
Key terms of SC |
claims/claims-makers |
| |
Structural Functionalism |
social systems and how their interdependent parts maintain order |
| |
What is a social problem |
a condition or behavior that contradicts others and defined as incompatible with the desired quality of life, caused by factors at multiple levels of social life, involves intergroup conflict, requires social action to be resolved |
