 | Term | Definition |
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Prince Henry the Navigator |
Responsible for the superiority of Portugal's navy, wanted to explore the west coast of Africa, some of his mariners went as far as Cape Verde |
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Dias |
in 1488, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa |
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da Gama |
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade |
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Christopher Columbus |
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) |
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Magellan |
Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521) |
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Cortes |
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) |
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Pizarro |
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) |
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haciendas |
A large estate or plantation in Spanish-speaking countries |
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Louis XIV |
king of France from 1643 to 1715, "The Sun King", an absolute monarch that built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected france through trades routes, catholic religiion and the capital Versailles and foreign expansion during his reign |
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Stuart |
the royal family that ruled Scotland from 1371-1603 and ruled England and Scotland from 1603 to 1649 and again from 1660 to 1714, they could not instate French style absolutism over Parliament |
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Characteristics of new nation-states |
1. Growing Efficient Bureaucracy (intendants, limiting corruption, bourgeoisie) 2. Standing Army (revolution in warfare, decline of mounted knight, huge costs); 3. Growing Taxation ( Peasants bore burden, Price Revolution, Armies) |
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Treaty of Lodi |
This created an alliance in Italy between Milan, Naples, and Florence vs. the Papal States and Venice. It was is in effect from 1454 and 1494. Ultimately fails. |
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Charles VIII |
French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first Italian war |
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Savonarola |
Italian religious and political reformer, a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope |
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Medici |
aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century |
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Machiavelli |
“The Prince”, exalts the supreme power of the gov. (prince) over the people, since the people are naturally selfish; "It's better to be feared than to be loved" |
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Ferdinand and Isabella |
Marriage uniting Aragon and Castile. Together carried out Reconquista and Inquisition of Spain. |
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Reconquista |
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. |
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Spanish Inquisition |
Brutal campaign led by Roman Catholic Church from 1481 to 1834 to punish nonbelievers including Jews and Muslims |
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Battle of Lepanto |
(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean |
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Spanish Armada |
mightiest naval force the world had ever seen, yet English ships that were smaller and swifter won the battle |
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Cervantes |
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) |
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El Greco |
Spanish artist who painted religious subjects with exquisite drama and emotion |
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Price Revolution |
a dramatic rise in prices (inflation). A major problem in europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, causes economic collapse in Spain |
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Golden Bull |
document gave right to seven people to elect the H.R.E. |
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Thirty Years War |
started as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in HRE. France got involved against the H.R. Emperor for political reasons. Immensely destructive. 1618-1648 |
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Edict of Restitution |
Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation. |
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Cardinal Richelieu |
King Louis XIII was a weak ruler and Richelieu filled the void, more or less running the empire via his advice to the king. A clever politician and strategist, Richelieu expanded royal power, punished dissent harshly, and built France into a great European power |
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Peace of Westphalia |
1648. Sovereignty of German Princes recognized, Ended Religious issues in Europe, ended 30 years war |
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Francis I |
French king of the Valois dynasty who was involved in the Italian wars, was defeated by Charles I |
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Catherine de Medici |
wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre. |
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War of the Three Henrys |
(1585-1589) French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre. |
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Henry of Navarre |
became Henry IV and started the Bourbon dynasty, converted to Catholicism to save his dynasty, "Paris is well worth a Mass" |
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
Murder of French Huguenots in Paris by Catholics at wedding of Henry of Navarre's wedding |
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Politique |
A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). |
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Edict of Nantes |
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants |
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Duke of Sully |
Henry IV's devout protestant chief minister, combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, transit an leased their collection to financiers, revenues increased b/c of revival of trade, paid for the Company for Trade with the Indies, restored public order in France, laid foundations of eco prosperity |
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Cardinal Mazarin |
Italian-born French cardinal who exercised great political influence as the tutor and chief minister to Louis XIV. |
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Fronde |
series of violent uprisings during the minority of Louis XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people, ambitions of the nobles, and efforts of the parlement of Paris (highest French judicial body) to check the authority of the crown; the last attempt of the French nobility to resist the king by arms. |
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divine rights |
Monarch enjoyed god given power, nothing but god is higher than the king |
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Versailles |
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. |
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Colbert |
French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV. Colbert reformed taxes, centralized the administration, and improved roads and canals in an effort to encourage trade |
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mercantilism |
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
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William of Orange |
Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV. |
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War of Spanish Succesion |
occured when charles II left the spanish crown to Louis XIV's grandson which split spain, Louis suffered major defeats and finally ended it with the Peace of Utrecht |
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Treaty of Utrecht |
1713; agreement that left Bourbon on throne of Spain but the same monarch cannot rule both France and Spain |
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Wars of the Roses |
struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII |
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Mary, Queen of Scots |
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. |
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English Renaissance |
Age of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Elizabethan reign provided stability |
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Puritans |
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. |
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Charles I |
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 |
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James I |
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; alienated Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings |
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Arminius |
Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609) |
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William Laud |
Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War. |
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Petition of Rights |
Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent. |
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Short Parliament |
refused to consider war funds unless the king would redress political and religious grievances |
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Long Parliament |
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king’s courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament |
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Grand Remonstrance |
list of 204 parliamentary grievances against Charles I |
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English Revolution |
the revolution against James II there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland |
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Oliver Cromwell |
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) |
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Levellers |
radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms |
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Charles II |
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism |
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James II |
Catholic, the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; overthrown in 1688 (1633-1701) |
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Test Act |
1673-excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England form voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, ore assembling for meetings |
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Glorious Revolution |
synonymous with English Revolution, A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. |
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The Bill of Rights |
1689 Forbade the use of royal prerogative rights. The Monarchy cannot pass into hands of a Catholic |
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The Act of Toleration |
1689 A compromise bill granted the right of public worship to nonconformist Protestants |
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The Mutiny Act |
1689 authorized martial law to govern army, had to be renewed annually, so parliament had to be called |
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The Act of Settlement |
1701, English Crown will pass to the protestant House of Hanover in Germany |
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The Act of Union |
1701, political unification of England and Scotland to form Great Britain, uneasy relationship |
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Dutch East India Company |
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. |
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Jan Vermeer |
Dutch painter renowned for his use of light and painted everyday scenes (1632-1675) |
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Rembrandt |
influential Dutch artist that painted the "Night Watch" (1606-1669) |
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gentry |
landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility. |
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enclosure |
in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands |
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Poor Law |
1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers |
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primogeniture |
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son |
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triennial act |
An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years. |
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Navigation Act |
Series of laws passed by England that strictly controlled the colonists trade. |
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