 | Term | Definition |
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Louis XVI |
- King of France (1774–1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. |
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Marie Antoinette |
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) |
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Estates General |
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585) |
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First Estate |
The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Second Estate |
The second class of French society made up of the noblility |
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Third Estate |
a. consisted of the Bourgeoisie and the peasantry b. 98% of the population c. paid all the taxes d. owned 55% of the land |
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Abbe Sieyes |
Wrote an essay called What is the 3rd estate. Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people. |
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cahiers |
grievance petitions |
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Tennis Court Oath |
the national assembly swore to never seperate and to constantly meet until they wrote a fair constitution. it came about because the third estate claimed they were the National Assembly, so they invited people from the other estates to help them write their constitution |
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Marquis de Lafayette |
Led the moderates in the French Revolution, headed the national guard |
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Great Fear |
The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives. |
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Ancien Regime |
The old order before revolution in france, filled with class injustices, weakened and almost bankrupt |
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Constitutional Monarchy |
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. First phase of revolution. (Liberal phase) |
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
1789, a French document that stated all men were born free and equal in rights |
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Olympe de Gouges |
french journalist who demanded equal rights for women |
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Jacobins |
The dominant group In the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre. Radical republicans who saw themselves as the voice of the people. Allied with the sans coulette |
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Girondins |
Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris. |
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sans culottes |
in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages |
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Reign of Terror |
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed |
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Committee of Public Safety |
Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror. |
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Danton |
French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794) |
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Robespierre |
French revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794) |
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Marat |
French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793) |
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Levee en masse |
The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare. |
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Republic of Virtue |
Ideal of French Revolution where all traces of the old order were wiped out |
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Directory |
National Convention-middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation(shown in national elections). Use army to nullify elections, govern dictatorially. |
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Alexander I |
the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825) |
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Continental System |
Napoleon forbade importation of British goods. He believed it would ruin their economy, but it failed. Europe needed their goods, and there was widespread smuggling. Resentment against this was one of the causes of nationalistic revival, which eventually ended Napoleon’s complete European dominance. |
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Grand Army |
Napoleon's army which was supposed to crush Russia |
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Congress of Vienna |
The Quadruple Alliance met, to discuss the Balance of Power. Great Britian got to have their conquered colonies, Austria got Venetia and Lombardy and Polis lands, and Prussia and Russia were compensated. |
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Metternich |
a German-Austrian politician and statesman, and one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to and at the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign policy management and a major figure on the development of diplomacy. |
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white terror |
royalist rebellion in Paris, trying to kill all revolutionaries, Napoleon first appears and says "width of a grape shot" and ends rebellion |
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Battle of Waterloo |
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat |
