 | Term | Definition |
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"Which field of psychology studies the ways in which thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motives, and behavior are influenced by the interactions of people?" |
Social |
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All of the following are dimensions of Kelly's attribution theory EXCEPT |
Cooperation |
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The tendency for us to blame people and underestimate the environment for causing behavior is known as the |
Fundamental attribution error |
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John failed his math exam but made a touch down during the homecoming game. He took credit for winning the game but blamed his professor for his Math test failure. This is known as the |
Self-serving bias |
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"By the third grade Timmy, who lives in the ghetto, views himself as a failure. He may not succeed in school thanks to the" |
Self-fulfilling prophesy |
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All of the following are components of attitudes EXCEPT |
Emotional |
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"A positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, or ideas is known as a(n)" |
Attitude |
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Persuasion will be more likely if it is |
Relevant |
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The state of conflict someone experiences after making a decision is known as |
Cognitive dissonance |
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Mary says she must like Theater class because it's not required and she's getting a pretty good grade in it. Daryl Bem would see this as evidence of his ________ theory. |
Self-perception |
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"When someone does something for you, you should do something for that person. This is known as the" |
Reciprocity norm |
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Prejudice includes all of the following EXCEPT |
Open-mindedness |
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People are likely to discount information that is inconsistent with their stereotyped beliefs. This can cause a |
Behavioral confirmation |
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One way to reverse prejudice as shown in the Robber's Cave experiment is to |
Foster shared goals |
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All of the following play a role in fostering friendships EXCEPT |
Passion |
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"Love can be clustered into three dimensions: Attraction, Intimacy and Commitment" |
FALSE |
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"Over time, there is a tendency for relationships to migrate to companionate love." |
TRUE |
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Balance theory is a general approach to describing ways in which a person makes causal explanations. |
FALSE |
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In the self-serving bias people make situational attributes for success and dispositional attributes for failure. |
FALSE |
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The self-fulfilling prophecy was popularized in the musical My Fair Lady. |
TRUE |
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Attitudes rarely influence behavior. |
FALSE |
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The elaboration likelihood model distinguishes between central and peripheral routes to persuasion. |
TRUE |
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Cognitive dissonance is the state of conflict someone experiences before making a decision. |
FALSE |
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social norms |
The expectation a group has for its members regarding acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviors |
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social psychology |
"The branch of psychology that studies the effect of social variables on individual behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives; also studies group and intergroup phenomena " |
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normative influence |
"Group effects that arise from individuals' desire to be liked, accepted, and approved by others " |
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rules |
Behavioral guidelines for acting in certain ways in certain situations |
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conformity |
"The tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and values of other members of a reference group " |
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social role |
A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is functioning in a given setting or group |
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informational influence |
Group effects that arise from individuals' desire to be correct and right and to understand how best to act in a given situation |
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norm crystallization |
The convergence of the expectations of a group of individuals into a common perspective as they talk and carry out activities together |
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self-serving bias |
A class of attributional biases in which people tend to take credit for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures |
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social perception |
The process by which a person comes to know or perceive the personal attributes of himself or herself and other people |
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fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
The dual tendency of observers to underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors on a person's behavior |
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covariation principle |
A theory that suggests that people attribute a behavior to a causal factor if that factor was present whenever the behavior occurred but was absent whenever it did not occur |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
A prediction made about some future behavior or event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected |
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attribution theory |
A social-cognitive approach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations |
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behavioral confirmation |
The process by which people behave in ways that elicit from others specific expected reactions and then use those reactions to confirm their beliefs |
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Which of the following is NOT included in what is referred to as the social context? |
"the unconscious events taking place in others. Defined broadly, the social context includes the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of other people; the activities and interactions that take place between people; the features of the settings in which behavior occurs; and the expectations and norms that govern behavior in a given setting." |
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"To say that a person ""wears many hats,"" or to say that a person acts differently at work, home, school, or church is most similar to which of the following terms?" |
"social role. A social role is a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person when functioning in a given setting or group. For example, one might act very different depending on the particular role. Imagine how different your behavior would be at a sporting event, a student senate meeting, a lecture, or a party." |
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Which of the following would be an example of an implicit rule? |
"moving out of the far left lane on the highway so a faster car can pass you, First, social rules are behavioral guidelines for specific settings. While explicit rules include things that are overtly stated or taught, like "" no smoking please"" or ""no parking,"" implicit rules are learned through transactions with others in a particular setting, like how close to stand to someone during a conversation or what to wear for a given situation" |
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The Stanford Prison Experiment created a new _____ in which the norms of good behavior were overwhelmed by the dynamics of the _____. |
"social reality; situation. By the conclusion of the Stanford Prison Experiment, guards' and prisoners' behavior differed from one another in virtually every observable way. Yet it was only chance, in the form of random assignment, that decided their roles--roles that created status and power differences that were validated in the prison situation. The reason why the reactions were so different was due to the creation of a new social reality that was driven by an implicit understanding of the new setting." |
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Researchers have suggested that two types of process underlie group polarization. Which of the following options includes these two processes? |
"the information-influence model and the social comparison model. The information-influence model suggests that group members contribute different information to a decision. If you and your friends each have a different reason for disliking a movie, for example, a little bit, all the information taken together would provide the evidence that you should actually dislike the movie a lot. The social comparison model suggests that group members strive to capture their peers' regard by representing a group ideal that is a bit more extreme than the group's true norm." |
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Which of the following is a general approach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations? |
attribution theory. Attribution theory originated in the writings of Fritz Heider. Heider argued that people continually make causal analyses as part of their attempts at general comprehension of the social world. Heider believed that the question that dominates most attributional analyses are whether the cause of the behavior is found in the personal (dispositional) or in the situation (situational) and who is responsible for the outcomes. |
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Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error (FAE)? |
"the dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors and to underestimate situational factors on a person¹s behavior. The FAE represents the dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors (blame or credit people) and to underestimate situational factors (blame or credit the environment) when searching for the cause of some behavior or outcome. For example, if you were late for an important meeting, it would be easy for you to account for your tardiness in terms of the situation (traffic was unusually bad). However, it is also likely that if you were giving an interview and someone was late, you would explain their behavior in terms of dispositional factors (their irresponsible)." |
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"If a student said that she failed the math test because it was totally unfair and the professor was a jerk, yet stated that she passed the psychology test because she was particularly gifted in that specific field, then this student is said to have developed a |
"self-serving bias. A self-serving bias leads people to take credit for their successes while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures. In many situations, people tend to make dispositional attributions for success and situational attributions for failure." |
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"If a teacher was told that nearly every student in her class was the child of highly educated and intelligent parents and that all of the initial indicators seem to suggest that these children were also gifted, then having a great year full of amazing educational strides might be an example of" |
"behavioral confirmation. If you consider the story in the text about the Boston classroom (much like the question), then it is easy to understand that the teachers performed a series of behaviors that enabled the children, in the long run, to confirm his or her expectation. Mark Synder introduced the term behavioral confirmation to label the process by which someone's expectations about another person actually influenced the second person to behave in ways that confirm the original hypothesis" |
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Research has suggested that self-fulfilling prophecies have the greatest effect on the lives of what type of students? |
"below average students. When teachers expect students to do poorly, they may do even worse; when teachers expect them to do well, that has the potential to turn their school lives around" |
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"There are three types of information that give rise to attitudes, which of the following is NOT one of these types?" |
"physiological. The three types of information that give rise to attitudes includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral. For example, cognitive deals with the thoughts you have in response to particular stimuli. Affective deals with feelings or emotional reactions to certain stimuli. Finally, the behavioral component deals with the behaviors that are manifest in the presence of the stimulus" |
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What relationship does accessibility play in predicting attitudes? |
"Behavior is more likely to be consistent with attitudes when the attitude is decidedly accessible. Accessibility refers to the strength of the association between an attitude object and a person's evaluation of that object. Accessibility is influenced by direct experience; that is, when one has personal experience with an object, the easier it is to develop an attitude toward that object." |
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"With respect to persuasion, what is the fundamental difference between the central route and the peripheral route according to the elaboration likelihood model?" |
"how much one thinks about the message being presented; that is, thinking critically or really not thinking about the message in too much detail. The central route represents circumstances in which people think carefully about a persuasive communication so that attitude change depends on the strength of the argument. On the other hand, the peripheral route represents circumstances in which people do not focus critically on the message, but respond, instead, to superficial cues in the situation." |
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"According to the research conducted on interpersonal attraction, what would be a positive strategy for getting someone to like or be attracted to you?" |
"try to spend a lot of time with him or her. Proximity plays a significant role in attraction. Typically, the more one is exposed to something new, the more comfortable he or she will be with it. Consider your college friends, how do you tend to spend the most time with? It is probably the people in your dorm and those who you have class with that prove to be your best friends. That is, the people you see the most become your friends, rather than the other way around." |
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"Researchers have tried to answer the question, what does it mean to experience love? Some consistency has emerged. People's conceptualizations of love cluster into three dimensions. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions?" |
"physical attraction finding some one aesthetically pleasing. Passion, intimacy, and commitment are thought to be the three dimensions that define the experience of love. However, keep in mind the difference between having a loving relationship and being in love. While one may love many people, most people are only in love with one person." |
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