 | Term | Definition |
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psychological disorders |
different, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
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ADHD |
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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medical model |
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital, concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured |
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bio-psycho-social perspective |
an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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DSM (IV) |
the American psychiatric associations diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders the fourth edition a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
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Un-DSM |
a manual of human strengths and virtues |
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David Rosenhan |
went to a mental hospital admissions offices, complaining of hearing voices that were saying empty, hollow, and thud. apart from this complaint and giving false names and occupations, they answered questions truthfully. all were diagnosed as mentally ill |
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anxiety disorders |
psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
an anxiety disorder in which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy |
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panic disorder |
an anxiety diorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of tense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
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panic attack |
a minutes long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen |
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phobias |
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
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agoraphobia |
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes |
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social phobia |
an intense fear of being scrutinized by others |
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OCD |
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions |
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post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) |
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after traumatic experience |
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diathesis model |
low vulnerability-low stress high vulnerability-low stress low vulnerability-high stress high vulnerability-high stress |
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active listening |
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. a feather of rogers' client-centered therapy |
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behavior therapy |
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
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counterconditioning |
a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; basedon classical conditioning. includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning, behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning |
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exposure therapies |
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
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systematic desensitization |
a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
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progressive relaxation |
the therapist trains you to relax one muscle group after another, until you achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort, then the therapist asks you to imagine a mildly anxiety-arousing situation |
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virtual reality exposure therapy |
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
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aversive conditioning |
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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token economy |
an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior; a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats |
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cognitive therapy |
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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dissociative disorders |
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
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dissociative identity disorder |
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. |
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psychotherapy |
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
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biomedical therapy |
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system |
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eclectic approach |
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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psychoanalysis |
freud's therapeutic technique, He believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and therapist's interpretation of them- released previusly repressed feelings, allowing the patient to regain self-insight |
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resistance |
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
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interpretation |
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight |
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transference |
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
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psychodynamic theory |
therapists try to understand a patients current symptoms by focusing on the themes across important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship |
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interpersonal psychotherapy |
a brief variation of psychodynamic therapy, has been effective in treating depression and it aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties, but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now not overall personality change |
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retrograde amnesia |
no old memories |
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anterograde amnesia |
no new memories |
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mood disorders |
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
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major depressive disorder |
a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities |
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dysthymic disorder |
a down in the dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly everyday, for two years or more |
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mania |
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
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bipolar disorder |
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
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cognitive behavior therapy |
alter the way people act and to alter the way people think |
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family therapy |
therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relations and improved communication |
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schizophrenia |
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed percpetions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
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delusions |
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
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flat affect |
a zombielike state of not caring |
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paranoid schizophrenia |
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity |
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disorganized schizophrenia |
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion |
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catatonic schizophrenia |
immobility, extreme negativism, and.or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movement |
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undifferentiated schizophrenia |
many and varied symptoms |
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residual schizophrenia |
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared |
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dopamine hypothesis |
The theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in the brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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psychopharmacology |
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
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tardive dyskinesia |
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors |
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electroconvulsive therapy |
biomedical therapy for severely depressed people in which brief electric currents are sent through the brain of an anestetized patient |
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rTMS |
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
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psychosurgery |
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
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lobotomy |
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain |
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personality disorders |
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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avoidant personality disorder |
a disorder that expresses anxiety such as fearful sensitivity to rejection |
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schizoid personality disorder |
a disorder that expresses eccentric behaviors, such as the emotionless disengagement |
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histrionic personality disorder |
exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. also, displays shallow, attention-getting emotion and goes to great lengths to gain others' praise and reassurance |
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narcissistic personality disorder |
exaggerate their own importance aided by success fantasies. they find criticism hard to accept, often reacting with rage or shame |
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antisocial personality disorder |
a personality disorder in which the person usually a man exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong doing, even toward friends and family member. maybe aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
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client- centered therapy |
a humanistic therapy, developed by carl rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting,empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth |
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regression toward the mean |
the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average |
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meta- analysis |
a procedure for statistically combining the result of many different research studies |
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EMDR |
while peole imagined traumatic scence, shapiro triggered eye movements by waving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories |
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light exposure therapy |
releaves symptoms associated with wintertime depression and manufacturers produced light boxes |
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seasonal affective disorder |
those living for from the equator, the wintertime blahs constitute a form of depression |
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cyclothymic disorder |
A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder |
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somatoform disorders |
not consciously controlled or real physical problem in the patient’s body, but rather unconscious brain problems in which a person’s brain leads them to believe that there is something wrong with his or her body. |
