Set: Psychology Ch. 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

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All 51 Terms

Term Definition
neuron a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receiv messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
axon extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
myelin sheath layer of fatty tissure segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables faster transmissions of neural impulses
action potential neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
threshold level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
acetylcholine neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
endorphins "morphine within"- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
nervous system body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
central nervous system the brain and the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
nerves neural "cables" containing many axons
sensory neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
motor neurons neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
interneurons central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
somatic nervous system division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles' skeletal nervous system
autonomic nervous system part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs; sympathetic, parasympathetic
sympathetic nervous system division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
parasympathetic system division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
reflex simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
neural networks interconnected neural cells
endocrine system body's "slow" chemical communication system; set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
hormones chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
adrenal glands pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys; secretes adrenaline and arouses body in times of stress
pituitary gland endocrine system's most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
lesion tissue destruction
brainstem oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skills; survival functions
medulla base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
reticular formation nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
thalamus brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
cerebellum "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; movement output and balance
limbic system doughnut-shaped system of neural structures associated with emotions such as fear and aggression, and drives such as those for food and sex
amygdala two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
hypothalamus neural structure that maintains activities (eating, drinkin, body temperature)
cerebral cortex intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
glial cells cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
frontal lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements; personality, judgements
parietal lobe portion off the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; touch and body position
occipital lobe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; visual areas
temporal lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; auditory areas
motor cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
sensory cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
association areas areas of the cerebral cortex not involved in primary motro or sensory functions
aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
Broca's area controls language expression
Wernicke's area controls language reception
plasticity brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage
corpus callusum large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying mesages between them
split brain condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them

Set Information

Terms 51
Creator thatwickedjumper
Created May 6, 2008
Groups None
Tag psychology
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thatwickedjumper : Changed adrenal glands → pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys; secretes adrenaline and arouses body in times of stree to adrenal glands → pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys; secretes adrenaline and arouses body in times of stress
thatwickedjumper : Changed reflex → jsimple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response to reflex → simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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Most Missed Words

  1. corpus callusum → large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying mesages between them - 17 misses
  2. peripheral nervous system → sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body - 16 misses
  3. autonomic nervous system → part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs; sympathetic, parasympathetic - 16 misses
  4. brainstem → oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skills; survival functions - 15 misses
  5. parietal lobe → portion off the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; touch and body position - 15 misses
  6. dendrite → the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receiv messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body - 14 misses
  7. nerves → neural "cables" containing many axons - 14 misses