 | Term | Definition |
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Aaron Beck |
Cognitive therapist (improve thought patterns) |
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Albert Bandura |
Canadian; Reciprocal determinism; Observational learning (Bobo Doll experiment) |
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Albert Ellis |
American; Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy |
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Albert Maslow |
American; Hierarchy of Needs |
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Alfred Adler |
Behavior driven by fear of failure & inferiority (inferiority complex) |
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Alfred Binet |
studied his daughters to understand a wide range of child psychology |
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B.F. Skinner |
Operant Conditioning! Expanded on Law of Effect; developed Skinner Box |
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Benjamn Whorf |
Linguist. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = spoken language affects thought |
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Broca’s Area |
Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
An emotion-arousing experience triggers physiological arousal and emotion simultaneously |
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Carl Jung |
believed unconscious has a very powerful influence; also believed in a "collective unconscious." |
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Carl Rogers |
American; Client-Centered Therapy & unconditional positive regard |
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Carl Wernicke |
Studied aphasia. Found "Wernicke's Area" that decodes meaning of language |
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Carol Gilligan |
Believes females want to "make connections" to develop identity |
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Charles Darwin |
Theory of Natural Selection (variations occur randomly, but are passed on if they aid in survival) |
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Charles Spearman |
Helped develop factor analysis and believed there was a "general intelligence." |
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Clark Hull Drive theory |
Internal needs motivate ppl to act a certain way |
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David McClelland |
Achievement motivation need; motives can be distinguished from needs |
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David Rosenhan |
Mental illness experiments -> say crazy, act normal? Ppl think crazy |
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David Weschler |
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS & WISC) scores for verbal, performance and an overall score. |
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Edward L. Thorndike |
Law of Effect - rewarded behavior likely to recur. |
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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross |
5 Stages of Death & Dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance) |
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Erik Erikson |
8 Stages of Psychosocial Development (cf. pgs 162-163) |
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Ernst Weber |
German. Weber's Law |
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Festinger & Carlsmith |
Cognitive Dissonance; people that received $1 for a menial task rated it enjoyable to justify to selves |
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Francis Galton |
known for improving the physical and mental makeup of the human species by selected parenthood |
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Gordon Allport |
Trait perspective |
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Gustav Fechner |
German; strength of sensation is dependent on the strength of the stimulus |
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Hans Eysenck |
German. Intelligence is inherited; "g" factor |
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Harry Harlow |
attachment. studied monkeys with artificial mothers; monkeys preferred cloth-covered over nourishing |
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Henry Murray |
Thematic Apperception Test; also tested prophetic power of dreams. |
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Hermann Ebbinghaus |
Research and studied memory. Developed the nonsense syllable or CVC experiement |
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Hermann Rorshach |
Swiss. Rorshach Inkblot Test (1921); most widely used projective test |
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Howard Gardner |
Multiple Intelligences; Savant Syndrome shows spectrum of intelligence |
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Hubel/ Wisel |
Discovered feature detector cells, cells keyed to specific stimuli, in the brain (cf. p202) |
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Ivan Pavlov |
Classical Conditioning! Associative learning between two stimulus (eg bell & food appearing) |
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James Lange Theory |
experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
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Jean Piaget |
Stages of Cognitive Development! Schemas (assimilation & accomodation) |
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John Garcia |
Challenged behaviorists; environmentalism |
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John Watson |
Advertiser. Studied animal biology, physiology, and behavior. Humans more complex than animals |
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Karen Horney |
Critic of Freud; believed social tensions, not sexual, were most important in childhood |
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Kurt Lewin |
field theory (behavior is influenced by personal traits and environment) & action field theory for groups |
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Lawrence Kohlberg |
3 Stages of Moral Development (preconventional, conventional & post-conventional) |
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Leonard Berkowitz |
Aggression: instrumental (getting your way) vs emotional (cathartic) aggression |
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Lewis Terman |
Created and revised Stanford-Binet intelligence test from the mental age theory |
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Little Albert |
Subject used by John Watson to test Classical Conditioning on humans; made fearful of white rabbit |
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Martin Seligman |
Positive Psychology (+ emotions, + character traits, + institutions); Learned Helplessness |
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Mary Ainsworth |
early emotional attachment. "strange situation" experiment during attachment testing is a standard |
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Mary Cover Jones |
Behavior therapy. Longitudinal studies on life-long development. |
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Noam Chomsky |
Inborn Universal Grammar; child will naturally learn language as they mature |
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Paul Ekman |
Global studies of facial expressions; Facial expressions are universal |
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Philip Zimbardo |
Stanford Prison Experiment to better understand the effects of role play on attitudes and behaviors |
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Phineas Gage |
1850s guy with a pole shot through his head; personality changed; loss ability to plan |
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Robert Sternberg |
g-factor of intelligence |
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Robert Zajonc |
Feel emotions before we think; Process fear and anger quickest as survival mechanism |
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Sigmund Freud |
Freud belived that we use defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distroting reality. |
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Solomon Asch |
Conformity! (line experiment) |
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Stanley Milgram |
Obedience! Electrocution study at Yale; tested authority |
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Stanley Schacter |
Two Factor Theory (emotion comes from awareness of body's arousal) |
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Susan Blackmore |
British; researched memes and the paranormal |
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Walter Mischel |
Behaviors controlled by the situation, not internal drives. |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
German. First psych lab in Leipzig. Measured "atoms of the mind" |
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William James |
Wrote Principles of Psychology, one of first textbooks |
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William Sheldon |
Classified people by body type:endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph |
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Young and Helmholz |
Trichromatic Theory; three distinct photoreceptor cells that detect primary colors |
