 | Term | Definition |
| |
Martin Luther |
German Monk |
| |
armada |
fleet of warships |
| |
indulgence |
pardons for sins from the church |
| |
Jesuits |
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. |
| |
absolute monarchy |
a monarchy in which the ruler's power is unlimited (32) |
| |
divine right of kings |
god gave kings the right to rule and kings are answerable only to God |
| |
Philip II |
Catholic ruler of Spain |
| |
predestination |
idea that God determines man's salvation before birth |
| |
annulment |
the formal declaration that annuls the marriage |
| |
Loyola |
Established the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). |
| |
theocracy |
government run by religious leaders |
| |
constitutional monarchy |
monarch's power is limited by laws, or constitution |
| |
Council of Trent |
Catholic leaders sought ways to revive moral authority of the Catholic Church and stop the spread of Protestantism |
| |
edict |
official public order made by a king or another authority |
| |
federalism |
a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| |
John Calvin |
one of the most influential new Portestant leaders |
| |
Reformation |
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
| |
Counter-Reformation |
a movement to stop the spread of Protestantism |
| |
Henry VIII |
king of England |
| |
Henry IV |
Henry of Navarre |
| |
William Tyndale |
printed an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible |
| |
Louis XIV |
powerful leader in France |
| |
Act of Supremacy |
1534: Made the king the leader of the Church of England |
| |
catholic |
a member of a Catholic church |
| |
Edict of Nantes |
proclaimed by Henry in 1598 |
| |
Inquisition |
a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy |
| |
Salvation |
to be saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven |
| |
Catherine of Aragon |
Queen of England that could not produce a male heir for Henry VIII |
| |
Wittenberg |
church where Martin Luther displayed the 95 theses |
| |
Pope |
the head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| |
Magna Carta |
influenced the English Bill of Rights |
| |
Mary |
married William; agreed to accept English Bill of Rights |
| |
Huguenots |
French Protestants |
| |
Martin Luther |
Monk who nailed his 95 Theses (a list of his complaints about the abuses of the church) to the door of a cathedral and began the Protestant reformation |
| |
Martin Luther |
saw church abuses in Rome in 1510 |
| |
catholic |
universal |
| |
Martin Luther |
repulsed at indulgences |
| |
Thesis 37 |
says salvation is a free gift from God |
| |
Diet of Worms |
tried Martin Luther |
| |
Diet of Worms |
ordered Martin Luther to take back criticism of the Church |
| |
Ignatius Loyola |
Born in northern Spain in 1491 |
| |
Ignatius Loyola |
injured in battle and inspired during recovery to lead a religious life |
| |
Ignatius Loyola |
studied in Paris |
| |
Jesuits |
helped the sick in hospitals and served the poor |
| |
Inquisition |
court to try people suspected of heresy |
| |
Inquisition |
tortured people before killing them |
| |
Henry VIII |
wrote a book criticizing Luther's ideas |
| |
Henry VIII |
caused Protestant reformers to be burned or forced out of England |
| |
Henry IV |
rightful heir to the French throne but Protestant |
| |
Henry IV |
converted to Catholicism in 1593 and ended the civil wars |
| |
Philip II |
helped the Counter-Reformation |
| |
Philip II |
used the Inquisition against Protestants in the Netherlands |
| |
Philip II |
financed troops to fight in Europe against Protestants |
| |
Philip II |
fought a war with the Dutch in the Netherlands for 75 years |
| |
Philip II |
lost control of northern Netherlands, which became Calvinist |
| |
John Calvin |
born in France in 1509 |
| |
John Calvin |
studied to be a priest in the Roman Catholic Church but had a sudden conversion |
| |
John Calvin |
published The Institutes of Christian Religion in 1536 |
| |
John Calvin |
believed salvation was gained through faith alone, like Luther |
| |
John Calvin |
regarded Bible as the sole source of religious truth |
| |
John Calvin |
believed in predestination |
| |
John Calvin |
helped reform Geneva, Switzerland |
| |
Edict of Nantes |
made the Catholic Church the official church of France but gave Huguenots freedom to practice their own religion |
| |
Louis XIV |
exerted power everywhere |
| |
William |
married Mary; agreed to accept English Bill of Rights |
| |
William of Orange |
Dutch prince |
| |
Federalist ideas |
influenced the Constitution of the United States |
| |
Peace of Westphalia |
ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and allowed people to privately practice their own religion |
| |
Glorious Revolution |
event where the king of England was replaced by his daughter and son-in-law to stop him from converted England to Catholicism |
| |
Peace of Augsburg |
ended a war but did not bring religious unity to Germany |
| |
Martin Luther |
a German monk who challenged the Catholic Church |
| |
Martin Luther |
often called the person who launched the Reformation |
| |
95 Theses |
list of arguments that challenged Church authority |
| |
Geneva |
city in Switzerland that John Calvin reformed |
| |
Bible |
book that William Tyndale translated into English |
| |
William Tyndale |
tried for heresy and put to death |
| |
Henry IV |
Huguenot military leader who became Catholic |
| |
Philip II |
set up Inquisition in the Netherlands |
| |
Henry VIII |
wanted the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine |
| |
Parliament |
the body that formed the Church of England for the king |
| |
Edict of Nantes |
gave Huguenots freedom to worship |
| |
northern Netherlands |
area that became a Calvinist country after rebelling against Spanish rule |
| |
Geneva |
city where Calvinist church members elected their own leaders |
| |
Calvin and Luther |
two people who emphasized reading the Bible personally |
| |
Protestants |
a group of people who promoted political participation |
| |
John Althusius |
thought his city should be free to rule itself |
| |
John Althusius |
influenced by Calvin's idea that churches should be subject to God's law alone |
| |
John Althusius |
the first person to write about federalism |
| |
William and Mary |
two people who landed in England in 1688 with 15,000 soldiers to take over the throne |
| |
Louis XIV |
appointed town and Church officials, even the chief of police in Paris |
| |
Louis XIV |
reversed earlier policy and closed Protestant churches |
| |
Thirty Years' War |
war that weakened political power of the pope |
| |
Treaty of Westphalia |
declared null, void, invalid by the pope |
| |
Middle Ages |
period when small armies supplied by lords fought wars |
| |
Prague |
a city in what is now the Czech Republic |
| |
Prague |
city where the Holy Roman Emperor fought against Protestants |
| |
Holy Roman Emperor |
Denmark, France, and Sweden sent troops to fight this person |
| |
Germany |
soldiers fought their way across this country, burning towns and farms and stealing from villagers |
| |
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
1572: Paris: 3,000 Huguenots were killed |
| |
Huguenots |
group of people who put posters all over Paris denouncing the Catholic Church |
| |
Italy |
area that retained Catholic faith even after the spread of Protestantism |
| |
Northern Germany |
part of Germany that was mostly Protestant |
| |
Southern Germany |
part of Germany that was mostly Catholic |
| |
Anne Boleyn |
woman who Henry VIII married in 1533 without the pope's approval |
| |
Jesuits |
group of people who made important contributions to eduction |
| |
Martin Luther |
person who was caught in a severe thunderstorm |
| |
Peace of Augsburg |
allowed German princes to decide what religion to follow |
