 | Term | Definition |
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What body system controls all the activities of the body? |
nervous system |
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What is the central nervous system made up of? |
brain and spinal cord |
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What makes up the peripheral nervous system? |
nerves and sense organs |
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What are the basic units of structure and function of the nervous system? |
neurons |
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What is the gap called that exists between an axon and a dendrite? |
synapse |
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Where do muscles reveive messengers from? |
motor neurons |
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What part of the neuron carries messages from other neurons toward the cell? |
dendrite |
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What is the main control center of the central nervous system? |
brain |
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What are sensory neurons cannected to motor neurons by? |
interneurons |
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What part of the central nervous system controls the heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure? |
medulla |
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What process helps to control the endocrine system? |
negative-feedback mechanism |
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What is the largest part of the brain? |
cerebrum |
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Which part of the brain controls balance and posture? |
cerebellum |
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What is the name for a change in the environment that causes a response? |
stimulus |
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How do the nerves of the autonomic nervous system work? |
against each other |
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Is the peripheral nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord? |
no - false |
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Do interneurons connect motor neurons and effectors? |
no - false |
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Where do dendrites carry messages from other neurons to? |
the cell body |
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Which side of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body? |
the right |
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Which side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body? |
the left |
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Are reflexes controlled by the brain? |
no - false |
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Can neurons be replaced? |
no - false |
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Is an effector a muscle cell or gland cell that is stimulated by a motor neuron? |
yes - true |
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Does much of the human brain appear gray because of the presence of bundles of axons? |
no - false |
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Is the mass of the human brain approximately 1.4 grams? |
no -false |
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Do the nerves of the autonomic nervous system work against each other? |
yes - true |
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Do the dendrites carry messages from other neurons toward the cell body? |
yes - true |
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What is the nervous system made up of? |
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs |
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What are the major parts of a neuron? |
dendrites, axon, and cell body |
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What type of neuron carries messages from the central nervous system to the effectors? |
motor |
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What is a synapse? |
the tiny gap that exists between an axon and a dendrite |
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What protects the spinal cord? |
vertebrae |
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What protects the brain? |
cranium or skull |
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What connects sensory and motor neurons? |
interneurons |
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Where do nerve impulses enter the cell body of a neuron? |
dendrites |
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What are the parts of the brain? |
cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla |
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What is an automatic reaction to the environment called? |
reflex |
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Which part of the brain controls thinking, speaking, and hearing? |
Cerebrum |
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Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary movement? |
cerebrum |
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Which part of the brain is responsible for balance? |
cerebellum |
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Which part of the brain is responsible for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure? |
medulla |
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What is responsible for interpreting information from all parts of the body? |
central nervous system |
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What is responsible for transmitting and receiving messages? |
central nervous system |
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What is responsible for serving as the control center of the body? |
central nervous system |
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What is responsible for coming into direct contact with the environment? |
peripheral nervous system |
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What contains pairs of nerves that connect to organs of the body? |
peripheral nervous system |
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What are the products of photosynthesis? |
oxygen and sugars |
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What happens during photosynthesis? |
The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food |
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What product of photosynthesis do most living things need to survive? |
oxygen |
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How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs? |
it creates food they can eat |
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What happens during respiration? |
glucose is broken down, releasing energy |
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The stage of respiration that releases the most of the energy in glucose occurs in the what? |
cytoplasm |
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How are photosynthesis and respiration related? |
they have opposite equations |
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What do respiration and photosynthesis keep the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere? |
fairly constant |
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Which term refers to the production of energy by a cell without using oxygen? |
fermentation |
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What occurs during the stage of Mitosis? |
the cells nucleus divides into two nuclei |
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What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells? |
two new daughter cells are formed |
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What is DNA shaped like? |
a spiral staircase |
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What does adenine (A) always pair with during DNA replicaiton? |
thymine (T) |
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What happens to the cells when the disease - Cancer exists? |
they grow and divide uncontrollaly |
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How many different types of cancer are there? |
over 100 |
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When do scientists think cancer begins? |
a mutation occurs in the DNA |
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What is a cancer tumor? |
a mass of abnormal cells |
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What is chemotherapy? |
the use of drugs to kill cancer cells |
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What is the main cause of lung cancer? |
smoking |
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What captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis? |
chlorophyll and other pigments |
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What is each rung of the DNA ladder made of? |
a pair of nitrogen bases |
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Where does carbon dioxide enter plants? |
stomata |
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What does respiration in most cells require? |
oxygen |
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What causes a form of alcoholic fermentation? |
yeast |
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During what stage of the cell does replication occur? |
interphase |
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What is copied during replication? |
the cell's DNA |
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What are chromatids? |
identical strands of chromosomes |
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What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? |
two new nuclei |
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What factor may lead to almost as many cancer deaths as does tobacco? |
unhealthy diet |
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Plants use energy from the sun to produce carbon dioxide and sugars - true or false? |
b - false |
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What is a heterotroph? |
an organism that cannot make its own food |
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Photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of water and carbon dioxide fairly constant in the atomosophere - true or false? |
b - false |
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The raw materials for respiration are the opposite of the end products for photosynthesis - true or false? |
b - false |
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When muscle cells run low on oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes place - ture or false? |
a - true |
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A cell makes a copy of its DNA during the stage of the cell cycle called mitosis - true or false? |
b - false |
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In a DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with thymine - ture or false? |
b - false |
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Cancerous cells grow in an abnormal way - true or false? |
a - true |
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A mutation is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably - true or false? |
a - true |
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Radiation is more harmful to normal cells than to cancerous cells? |
b - false |
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What are stomata? |
small openings that allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf |
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Where do plants get energy from to make their own food? |
the sun |
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What is combined with glucose during respiration in the releasing of energy? |
oxygen |
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Where are molecules of oxygen first broken down during respiration? |
cytoplasm |
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What process releases energy from glucose? |
respiration |
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What is the process in which yeast breaks down sugars and produces carbon dioxide and alcohol? |
alcoholic fermentation |
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What are the products of respiration? |
energy, carbon dioxide, and water |
| |
What is the final stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides? |
cytokinesis |
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What is the term used to describe a DNA molecule because it twists like the threads of a screw? |
double helix |
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What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder? |
molecules of deoxyribose and glucose |
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What is the term for a change in the DNA in a chromosome? |
mutation |
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What are the most common treatments of cancer? |
drugs, surgery, radiation |
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When can cancer spread? |
cells break off a tumor and enter the bloodstream |
| |
What is chemotherapy? |
a form of treatment in which drugs destroy cancer cells |
| |
What are some major causes of cancer? |
unhealthy diets and the use of tobacco |
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What are the tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions with a cell? |
organelles |
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What is the rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds plant cells called? |
cell wall |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
a maze of passageways that carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another |
| |
What are lysosomes? |
small, round structures in cells that break down large food particles into smaller ones and clean out waste |
| |
Which organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell? |
chloroplasts |
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What is the name of the large oval structure that directs all the cell's activities? |
nucleus |
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What functions as factories to produce proteins? |
ribosomes |
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What is the storage area of a cell called? |
vacuole |
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What is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus called? |
cytoplasm |
| |
What is the basic unit of structure in all living things? |
cell |
| |
What is the explanation of living things? |
cell theory |
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What is the term for any instrument that makes small objects look larger? |
microscope |
| |
Who was one of the first people to observe cells? |
Hooke |
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Who proposed that cells come from other cells? |
Virchow |
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What is the ability to distinguish the individual parts? |
resolution |
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What is the ability to make things look larger? |
magnification |
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What are inorganic compounds? |
compounds that do not contain the element carbon |
| |
What are organic compounds? |
compounds that contain carbon |
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What are proteins? |
large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
| |
What are amino acids? |
small molecules that make up proteins |
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What is the name of the typeof nucleic acid that passes from parent to offspring and directs all the cell's functions? |
DNA |
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What is the meaning of selectively permeable? |
letting some, but not all substances pass through |
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What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his genetic experiments? |
cross-pollinated plants |
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In Mendel's experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had a trait that had been absent in the F1 generation? |
one fourth |
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What are factors that control traits called? |
genes |
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What do scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait? |
hybrid |
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What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? |
two dominant alleles |
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What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists? |
one dominant allele and one recessive allele |
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What is probability? |
the number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur |
| |
What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants? |
3 in 4 or 75 % |
| |
What does a Punnett square show? |
all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross |
| |
If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probabiltity that an offspring will have black fur? |
100% |
| |
What is the term that describes an organism's physical appearance? |
phenotype |
| |
A purebred chicken with white feathers is crossed with a purebread chicken with black feathers. Each of their offspring has both black and white feathers. Why does this happen? |
The alleles for feather color are neither dominant or recessive |
| |
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? |
genes are carried from parent to offspring on chromosomes |
| |
What did Walter Sutton discover about the sex cells of grasshoppers? |
they have half the number of chromosomes found in the body cells |
| |
What happens during meiosis? |
each sex cell copies itself to form four new chromosomes |
| |
What does each sex cell contribute when sex cells combine to produce offspring? |
half the number of chromosomes in body cells |
| |
What determines the genetic code? |
the order of nitrogen bases along a gene |
| |
The order of the bases along a gene determines the order of what? |
that amino acids are put together to form a protein |
| |
What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis? |
copies the coded message from the protein and carries it into the nucleus |
| |
What do transfer RNA molecules do during protein synthesis? |
carry amino acids and add them to the growing protein |
