Set: Social Studies Everything (forgive the repetition) (lovingly ripped off of everyone including myself)

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All 373 Terms

Term Definition
poll tax fee charged for voting
share cropping agricultural plan developed in the South after the Civil War; landowner provided tenant with house, tools, etc. in exchange for a "share" of the crop
Jim Crow laws passed in southern states which required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place
Radical Republicans Republicans who called for a tough approach to Reconstruction; they wanted to punish the South for the Civil War
segregation separation of people on the basis of racial, religious, or social differences
Reconstruction process after Civil War of bringing the southern states back into the Union
Grandfather Clause Law which eliminated literacy tests and poll taxes for persons who had voted before 1867 and their descendants
Jackie Robinson Miss Jane's favorite baseball player; first African American to play professional baseball
Rosa Parks woman who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott
KKK southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain power
thirteenth amendment which abolished slavery (ordinal number)
Black Codes Laws that limited the freedom of former enslaved people
Joe Louis African American heavyweight boxing champion; favorite of Miss Jane's
Carpetbaggers Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to profit financially from the confused and unsettled conditions
Ida Wells African American who led the fight against lynching
Andrew Johnson Lincoln's Vice President; first President to be impeached
Thurgood Marshall Argued the case for Kansas family at the Supreme Court; later became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court
Freedom Riders Young college students who went to the South in the 1960's trying to get African Americans to register to vote
Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case which ruled that "separate but equal" was constitutional
Tenure of Office Act that led to Johnson's impeachment
Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case which ruled that schools must be integrated, even if they were "equal"
Ned Big Laura's son
Nina Miss Jane's long-time friend
W.E.B. DuBois African American who believed Blacks should fight segregation; he also felt industrial training would limit them to inferior jobs
Ulysses Grant President elected in 1868 and 1872
Rutherford Hayes Republican candidate for President in 1876
Nathan Bedford Forest Slave trader, Confederate general, and leader of the KKK
Jimmy Nina's son
fifteenth Amendment which gave African Americans the right to vote (ordinal number)
fourteenth Amendment which gave African Americans citizenship
Freedmen's Bureau Federal agency set up to help former slaves
Pardon Amnesty
Scalawags White southerners who supported Radical Reconstruction
MacArthur Leader of the U.S. Troops in Korea (last name)
suburbs residential areas outside the city
Joseph McCarthy Senator who accused hundreds of American citizens as having communist ties; part of the 1950's Red Scare (first & last names)
Korean War war between North and South Korea; North supported by the Soviet Union and the South by the U.S. and United Nations troops
Lucille Ball popular TV comedian of the 1950's; "I Love Lucy" (first and last names)
Richard Nixon Republican candidate defeated in the 1960 Presidential election; later became first President to resign from office
baby boom sharp increase in the U.S. birthrate after WW2
Fair Deal Truman's programs which called for new housing and employment projects
NATO Agreement made in 1949 to stand firm against Soviet military threats, made between the U.S., Great Britain, France, and eight other nations
Alger Hiss state department official accused of passing military information to the Soviets (first and last names)
Highway Act 1956 Congressional action that led to the current interstate highway system
Rock'n'Roll Musical style based on rhythm and blues that became popular in the 1950's
Elvis Presley Most popular rock'n'roll entertainer of the 1950's; known for his bumps and grinds on stage (first and last names)
conformity Going along with the majority or behaving according to standards and rules of society
U2 U.S. spy plane shot down by the Soviets
Warsaw Pact agreement among the communist countries of Eastern Europe in response to the formation of NATO
sunbelt warmer states in the South and Southwest; population increased significantly here in the 1950's
Beatniks poets and writers of the 1950's who resisted the "shallowness and conformity" of the 1950's
38th Line of latitude which divides North and South Korea (ordinal number)
Arms Race competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to develop more destructive weapons
John Kennedy President elected in 1960; assassinated in 1963 (first and last names)
iron curtain term first used by Winston Churchill to describe the barrier of censorship and secrecy between communist countries and the rest of the wester world
Berlin Airlift Mission during the Cold War in which the U.S. flew supplies to West Berlin after the Soviets blocked roads, railroads, and rivers
Levitt Built a housing development with over 17,000 homes on Long Island in New York (last name)
Cold War tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union after WW2
Bill Haley Had first big rock'n'roll hit: "Rock Around the Clock" (first and last names)
Harry Truman U.S. President from 1945-1953 (first and last names)
Eisenhower President from 1953-1961 (last name)
Truman Doctrine U.S. policy to give financial and military aid to countries so they could resist communist influence
Berlin Wall Wall built in 1961 between East Berlin and West Berlin
Rosenberg Couple executed for passing military secrets to the Soviets (last name-not plural)
Space Race Competition between the U.S. and the Soviets to be the leader in space exploration
containment U.S. strategy in the 1950's aimed at limiting the spread of communism
HUAC targeted people in the movie industry thought to be communist, part of the 1950's Red Scare
NIRA symbol is blue eagle; set up codes of fair competition
FLSA set up 40 hr. work weeks, established minimum wage, and outlawed child labor
Social Security Act provided unemployed insurance and old age pension
NLRB created to settle corporate disputes and run union elections
FERA distributed $500 million in federal grants to local state governments for direct relief to the unemployed
NYA employed college students to grade papers, do chores, and other jobs on campus
CCC 250,000 immediate jobs for men ages 18-25 and paid them $30 a month; fought forest fines; completed flood control projects
TVA jobs for unemployed; cheap electricity; flood control; recreation opportunities
AAA improved farm prices by cutting production; gov. rented land normally
CCC producers of cotton and other crops would store their crops in gov. warehouses and were loaned money
Bank Holiday closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
FDIC insured each bank deposit up to $5000
SEC regulated stock trades and exchanges and punished dishonest stock brokers and speculators
Fitzgerald Author of THE GREAT GATSBY; characters included flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers
GARVEY Popular African American leader who proposed a "Back to Africa" movement and started the UNIA which urged African Americans to take pride in their heritage
Lucille Ball Actress and TV star of the comedy series, "I Love Lucy"
Scopes Tennessee teacher accused of teaching evolution
LANGE American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor
CLEMENCEAU French premier during World War I; he was the French representative at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919
PRESLEY Rock'n'Roll star of the 1950's
MUSSOLINI Italian dictator during WW2
TOJO Japanese nationalist and general; he took control of Japan during World War II; later executed for war crimes
BESSIE SMITH African American blues singer poplar in the 1920's (2 words)
HITLER Leader of Germany during WW2
BRADY Famous Civil War photographer
HUGHES Poet of the Harlem Renaissance
BARTON Founder of the American Red Cross; she administered care to Union soldiers during the Civil War
ARMSTRONG Important African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpter whose style influenced many later musicians
YORK Greatest American hero of World War I (from Tennessee)
STEINBECK Author of THE GRAPES OF WRATH about Okies moving to California to work in the fields`
SHERMAN Union commander who waged "total war" across Georgia
BOOTH Actor and Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
INOUYE Japanese American who lost an arm in World War II battle; later became U.S. Senator from Hawaii
CHURCHILL British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II
PATTON American general who was involved in the Normandy invasion and the Battle of the Bulge; known for his great ability in tank warfare
MACARTHUR American general; he commanded U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II; later he commanded UN forces in the Korean War; also drove the Bonus Marchers out of DC
COOLIDGE VP who became President after Harding's death; 30th President of the U.S.; known for his honesty and pro-business policies
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN African American group of pilots who shot down more than 200 enemy planes
PICKETT Confederate general famous for his unsuccessful "charge" at Gettysburg
CAPONE Crime boss of the 20's
ELEANOR FDR's wife; only First Lady with her own statue in DC
PALMER Attorney General who ordered raids on homes of suspected radicals and communists during the Red Scare of the 1920's
STALIN Dictator of the Soviet Union; led the SU through World War II and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war
RANDOLPH Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, made up mostly of African Americans; labor leader who, in 1941, threatened a march on DC protesting discrimination against Blacks in defense industries
LINCOLN 16th President; promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates; issued the Emancipation Proclamation; assassinated in 1865
ROMMEL Commander of Axis troops in North Africa, known as the "Desert Fox"
TILDEN Democratic candidate for President in 1876; lost the election by the Compromise of 1877
DIX Organized large numbers of women to serve as nurses during the Civil War; helped change the prison system nationwide by advocating the development of state hospitals to treat the mentally ill instead of imprisonment
ROSAPARKS American civil rights activist whose arrest in Montgomery, Alabama, led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott (2 words)
FORD American business leader; his moving assembly line could produced cars faster, more efficiently, and at a lower cost
FARRAGUT Union admiral who captured New Orleans during the Civil War
CHAPLIN Actor who popularized the "Little Tramp" character
KOREMATSU Japanese American who sued the U.S. government that his civil rights had been violated when he was placed in an internment camp
PERSHING Head of the AEF during WW1
LINDBERGH Popular hero of the 1920’s who flew The Spirit of St. Louis nonstop across the Atlantic
STONEWALL Nickname for Southern general who brought reinforcements to Bull Run; killed at Chancellorsville
ZIMMERMANN German foreign minister who sent telegram urging Mexico to join Central Powers against the U.S. in World War I
TRUMAN Elected Vice president in 1944; 33rd President, after FDR's death; led the U.S. through the end of World War II and beginning of the Cold War
MCCLELLAN Union general and candidate for President in 1864
KENNEDY 35th President elected in 1960; assassinated in 1963 in Dallas
EISENHOWER Allied commander in WW2 in Europe; helped plan the D-Day invasion at Normandy; 34th President
CHAMBERLAIN British Prime Minister who made the Munich Agreement with Hitler
RED BARON German "ace" (pilot) in WW1
LEE American general who refused o Lincoln's offer to head the Union army in the Civil War; successfully led several battles until his defeat at Gettysburg; surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House
HARDING 29th President elected in 1920; died in 1923; scandals such as Teapot Dome discovered after his death
GEORGE British representative at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919
RUTH Greatest baseball player of the 1920's
DUBOIS African American educator, editor, and writer; helped found the NAACP
JOHNSON Lincoln's VP; 17th President; impeached because of his unpopular ideas about Reconstruction and held onto he office by one vote
HOOVER Head of the Food Administration during WW1; 31st President, elected in 1928; failed to deal with effectively with the Great Depression; defeated for reelection in 1932 by FDR
MCCARTHY Senator who accused hundreds of American citizens as having communists toes, part of the Red Scare of the 1950's
ROSIE THE RIVETER Advertising character who symbolized women in war manufacturing jobs
PERKINS First woman to serve in a President's Cabinet; Secretary of Labor
DAVIS President of the Confederacy
GRANT Union chief commander at the end of the war; won battles at Vicksburg, Shiloh, Fort Henry, and
ROBINSON American baseball player who was the first Black in the major leagues
WILSON 28h President; proposed the14-Point Plan which included the League of Nations
NIXON 37th President; resigned because of the Watergate scandal
WASHINGTON African American leader and educator who was born into slavery and later became head of Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans (Booker T)
ROSENBERGS Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's
HEMINGWAY Ambulance driver in World War I; author of A FAREWELL TO ARMS and THE SUN ALSO RISES
HABEAS CORPUS Right to have charges filed or a hearing before being jailed
BLITZ KRIEG "lighting war"
REPARATIONS Cash payments by losing country to victorious nations after a war
CAPITALISM Economic system based on private property and free enterprise
LIBERAL Someone who favors federal government action to bring about social and economic reform
RATIONING Distribution of scarce resources and products
LEAGUE OF NATIONS Wilson's plan for an international peace organization (3 words)
BABY BOOM Sharp increase in the U.S. birthrate after World War II
BOOTLEGGER Person who smuggled or sold illegal liquor
MERRIMACK Confederate ironclad ship
BORDER STATES States - MD, WVA, KY, DE, MO-that allowed slavery but did not leave the Union during the Civil War (2 words)
RECONSTRUCTION Process, after the Civil War, of bringing the southern states back into the Union
CARPET BAGGERS Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to profit financially from the confused and unsettled conditions
COMMUNISM Economic system in which all wealth and property are owned by the community as a whole
HUNDRED DAYS First part of FDR's first term during which Congress passed many New Deal programs (2 words)
SCALAWAGS Southern whites in the Republican party during Reconstruction; term has come to mean "scoundrels" or "worthless rascals"
SPEAKEASY Illegal bar that served liquor during Prohibition
ASSEMBLY LINE Henry Ford's method to mass-produce cars (2 words)
ANACONDA Name given to the Civil War battle strategy to "squeeze" the South and cut off from the rest of the world
COPPERHEADS Northerners who opposed the Civil War
FASCISM Term referring to the extreme nationalism and racism in Italy in the 1930's
NATIONALISM Pride in one's country, culture, ethnic group, etc.
CONTAINMENT U.S. strategy in the 1950's aimed at limiting the spread of communism
PROHIBITION Legal ban on alcohol imposed by the 18th Amendmen
SHARECROPPING System in which landowners provided laborers with the supplies needed for farming in exchange for a portion of their crops
SELF DETERMINATION Right of national groups to their own territory and forms of government
AXIS Alliance between Japan, Germany, and Italy
FLAPPER Young woman in the 1920's who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting
AMNESTY Official pardon for crime made against the government
TRENCH WARFARE Form of combat in which soldiers dug deep ditches to seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions (2 words)
BIG FOUR Term to describe the major representatives at the peace conference after World War I
IRON CURTAIN Term first used by Winston Churchill to describe the barrier of censorship and secrecy that existed between communists countries and the rest of the world (2 words)
GRANDFATHER CLAUSE Law which eliminated literacy tests and poll taxes for persons who had voted before 1867 and their descendants; this meant only white men qualified to vote (2 words)
BRACERO Program that stimulated emigration from Mexico during WW2; US labor agents recruited 1000's of farm and railroad workers
POLL TAX Fee charged for voting (2 words)
SIT DOWN Type of strike where workers continuously occupy the plant and refuse to work until management agrees to their demands
MONITOR Union ironclad ship
NISEI Japanese Americans born in the U.S.
LEND LEASE Act in March 1941, which allowed the US to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense (2 words)
IMPEACH To formally charge a government official with wrongdoing while in office
DEFICIT SPENDING Using borrowed money to fund government programs, like in the New Deal
DOGFIGHTS "Duels in the Sky"
RATIFY Approve
CONSERVATIVE Someone who prefers little government action to bring about social and economic reform
EMANCIPATE Set free
CODE TALKERS Navajo troops who used their language to send messages in a code the Japanese were never able to break
Hooverville Shanty town of the 30s
Armistice agreement to stop fighting
Antietam led to emancipation proclamation
First battle of bull run First real battle of the civil war, fought in Manasses
Gettysburg Turning point of civil war
Fort Sumter first shots of civil war fired here
Vicksburg gave union control of the mississippi river
Wilderness armies could hardly see each other through the woods
Chancellorsville battle in Va, CSA won but lost stonewall jackson
Battle of the Marne 1918, allies stop Gr. invasion at the marne river
Cantigny US attacked town of cantigny, captured it, boosted allies morale
2nd battle of the Marne turning point of WW1
D-Day allied invasion of normandy, also known as operation overlord
Battle of the bulge Gr. last, desperate attack
Coral Sea J. vs. USA clash near australia,naval battle, no clear winner
Midway turning point of pacific war part of WW2
Guadalcanal 1st major victory over J., after 6mo bitter fighting
Philipines USA invades ______ and, after a 3 day naval battle, win. they severely damaged J. navy, making no longer a threat
Iwo jima 1945 USA invades this island and plant flag on mt. suribachi
Okinawa USA invades ______ and coporal monthus conquers island
SOCIAL SECURITY Act that provided unemployment insurance and old-age insurance; paid partly by employer and partly by the employee did not cover farm workers and domestic workers,
IWO JIMA Pacific island captured by the Americans in March 1945; commemorated by the US Marine Memorial in DC (2 words)
NORMANDY French coast where Allied troops landed on June 6, 1944,
THIRTEEN Amendment which abolished slavery,
SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS Lindbergh's airplane,
SHILOH Important Civil War battle in southwest Tennessee,
RED SCARE Fear of foreigners and communists,
GETTYSBURG Union victory here was the turning point in the Civil War,
BERLIN AIRLIFT Mission during the Cold War in which the U.S. flew supplies to West Berlin after the Soviets blocks roads, rivers, and railroads (2 words),
JIM CROW Laws passed in southern states which required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place,
WAGNER Also known as National Labor Relations Act; set up the NLRB to settle corporate disputes and run union elections; when majority of workers in a plant voted to join a labor union, it became the official representative of the workers,
BULGE Battle in late 1944 where Germans mounted last desperate defense against advancing Allies; more than 100,000 casualties; Marked the end of serious German resistance,
TRUMAN DOCTRINE U.S. policy to give financial and military aid to countries so they could resist communism,
SEGREGATION Separation of people on the basis of racial, religious, or social differences,
FERA Federal agency which distributed 500 million dollars to state and local governments to distribute to the poor and unemployed during the Great Depression,
DUNKIRK French port where 300,000 British and French troops were trapped by the Germans; daring rescue by 800 warships, ferries, and fishing boats across the English Channel,
CCC New Deal agency that put over 3 million young men aged 18-25 to work on conservation and rural improvement projects- received room. board, and shelter + $30 per month; required to send $25 home to families; organization created in 1938 that allowed farmers to store surplus crops in government warehouses until prices improved; farmers could borrow against the crop and pay off the loan when they sold the crop,
KOREMATSU _____ v. United States, upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WW2,
BERLIN WALL Wall built between East Berlin and West Berlin in 1961(2 words),
FLSA Act that set the normal work week at 40 hours, establish a national minimum wage, and outlawed child labor,
NYA New Deal agency which gave college students jobs around the campus so they could stay in school; also keep them out of the job market,
MIDWAY Pacific battle victory here gave Allies control of the \central\ Pacific,
PEARL HARBOR American military base in Hawaii,
Hiroshima Japanese city the first to be hit by an atomic bomb,
HARDTACK Hard, tough cracker eaten by both Confederate and Union soldiers,
KAMIKAZE Japanese suicide pilot,
FOURTEEN Amendment which gave African Americans citizenship in the U.S. as well as in their state,
BLUE EAGLE Symbol of the NRA,
SUDETENLAND Area of Czechoslovakia annexed by Hitler claiming the German-speaking people there were being persecuted,
TWENTY ONE Amendment that repealed the 18th,
WPA New Deal organization that built post offices, city halls, recreation buildings, roads, school, etc.; also provided variety of jobs for actors, musicians, writers, photographers, etc.,
POLAND Country whose attack by Germany in 1939 signaled the start of WW2,
DUST BOWL Nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930's ( 2 words),
SEC Regulated the way companies could issue and sell securities (stocks); power to punish dishonest stockbrokers and speculators (like Martha Stewart),
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Order issued by President Lincoln freeing the slaves in those areas in rebellion (2 words),
ISLAND HOPPING Strategy in the Pacific; attacking and capturing certain key islands and then using these as bases for leapfrogging to others, moving closer and closer to the Philippines and then Japan,
SUMTER Charleston fort where the first shots were fired,
ENOLA GAY B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (2 words),
BLACK CODES Series of laws passed by southern legislatures to control freed men and women and enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers,
MANASSAS Another name for Bull Run,
LEYTE GULF Pacific battle fought for control of the Philippines; largest naval battle in history,
GI BILL OF RIGHTS Government program that paid for WW2 veterans' education and housing,
ANDERSONVILLE Civil War prison in Georgia,
GREAT MIGRATION Movement of African Americans to the North to seek jobs in the 1920's and 1930's,
FAIR DEAL Truman's programs which called for new housing and employment projects (2 words),
JAZZ AGE Term used to describe the decade's (1920's) break from rules and traditions (2 words),
FIRESIDE CHATS Informal presidential speeches given by FDR in the 1930's (2 words),
MARSHALL PLAN Program after World War II to help boost the economies of European nations (2 words),
CENTRAL POWERS Alliance between Turkey, Austria-Hungary, and Germany in WW1 (2 words),
FORDS THEATER Place where Abe Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 (2 words),
ANTIETAM Union victory here led to the Emancipation Proclamation,
NINETEEN Women's suffrage amendment,
PETERSBURG Union siege here in VA lasted ten months; some of the first trench warfare used here,
FREEDMENS BUREAU Set up to help former slaves adjust to their freedom (2 words),
FIFTEEN Amendment which granted suffrage to African Americans,
AAA New Deal legislation which rented land from farmers in order to raise prices - farmer got rent higher prices and rent money (1933); after 1933 law declared unconstitutional, this legislation in 1938 allotted so much land per farmer in order to keep prices high, taking into consideration demands for product in U.S. and around the world,
LUSITANIA British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat,
MANHATTAN PROJECT Top secret operation to create the atomic bomb (2 words),
NAGASAKI Japanese city the second to be hit by an atomic bomb,
KKK Southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain power; revised in the 1920's to terrorize foreigners, Catholics, Jews, etc.,
COLD WAR Tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II (2 words),
TVA Federal agency established in 933 to develop water-power resources in the Tennessee River valley,
VICKSBURG Union victory here insured control of the Mississippi River,
NATO Agreement made in 1949 to stand firm against Soviet military threats, made between the U.S., Great Britain, France, and eight other nations,
FDIC Insured each bank deposit up to $5,000,
VERSAILLES Treaty that ending World War I that required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations,
NRA New Deal agency created by the NIRA in 1933 which set up codes of fair competition, minimum wage, 40-hour work week, etc.; declared unconstitutional,
BROWN VS BOARD OF EDUCATION Stated in 1954 that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools (5 words),
HARLEM RENAISSANCE Period during the 1920's when New York City's Harlem became an intellectual and cultural capital for African Americans (2 words),
CORAL SEA Pacific battle which stopped Japanese advance on Australia (2 words),
SAVANNAH Sherman's destination when he left Atlanta,
NEW DEAL FDR's program to revive the country from the Great Depression,
RICHMOND Confederate capital,
U BOAT German submarine,
TENURE OF OFFICE Act that led to Johnson's impeachment (3 words),
TEAPOT DOME Scandal during the Harding administration,
PLESSY VS FERGUSON Supreme Court case which ruled that \separate but equal\ was constitutional,
OPERATION OVERLORD Code name for the Allied invasion of Europe,
BULL RUN First real battle fought outside Washington, DC,
NAZI Hitler's political party,
WARSAW PACT Agreement among communist nations in response to the creation of NATO,
UNITED NATIONS International peace organization established in 1945 in San Francisco (2 words),
NO MANS LAND Area between the trenches in World War I,
EIGHTEEN Prohibition Amendment,
ON MARGIN Buy stock by paying 10% of the stock price and borrowing the rest,
KOREAN WAR War between North and South Korea in the early 1950's; North supported by the SU and South by the U.S. and the United Nations
SHERMAN Union commander who waged total war across Georgia,
FITZGERALD Author of THE GREAT GATSBY; characters included flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers,
MACARTHUR American general; he commanded U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II; later he commanded UN forces in the Korean War; also drove the Bonus Marchers out of DC,
PATTON American general who was involved in the Normandy invasion and the Battle of the Bulge; known for his great ability in tank warfare,
LUCILLE BALL Actress and TV star of the comedy series, I Love Lucy,
BOOTH Actor and Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln,
PICKETT Confederate general famous for his unsuccessful charge at Gettysburg,
TOJO Japanese nationalist and general; he took control of Japan during World War II; later executed for war crimes,
PALMER Attorney General who ordered raids on homes of suspected radicals and communists during the Red Scare of the 1920's,
BESSIE SMITH African American blues singer poplar in the 1920's (2 words),
STALIN Dictator of the Soviet Union; led the SU through World War II and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war,
HITLER Leader of Germany during WW2,
ROMMEL Commander of Axis troops in North Africa, known as the Desert Fox,
DIX Organized large numbers of women to serve as nurses during the Civil War; helped change the prison system nationwide by advocating the development of state hospitals to treat the mentally ill instead of imprisonment,
FORD American business leader; his moving assembly line could produced cars faster, more efficiently, and at a lower cost,
ARMSTRONG Important African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpter whose style influenced many later musicians,
CHAPLIN Actor who popularized the Little Tramp character,
KOREMATSU Japanese American who sued the U.S. government that his civil rights had been violated when he was placed in an internment camp,
STONEWALL Nickname for Southern general who brought reinforcements to Bull Run; killed at Chancellorsville,
KENNEDY 35th President elected in 1960; assassinated in 1963 in Dallas,
HARDING 29th President elected in 1