 | Term | Definition |
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simple squamous |
Friction-reducing slick, single layer of flattened cells; lining of blood and lymph vessels, heart; air sacs of lungs; peritoneum; diffusion, filtration, secretion of lubricants, Fig. 33-3c1, p. 560 |
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simple cuboidal |
single layer of squarish cells; ducts, secretory part of small glands; retina; kidney tubules; ovaries; testes; bronchioles; secretion, absorbtion, Fig. 33-3c2, p. 560 |
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simple columnar |
singer layre of tall cells; free-sruface may have cillia, mucus-secreting glandular cells, microvilli; glands, ducts; gut; parts of uterus; small bronchi; secretion, absorption; cilliated types move substances, Fig. 33-3c3, p. 560 |
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Adhering junction |
Adjoining cells are welded together at a mass of proteins, which is anchored under the plasma membrane by tuffs of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, Fig. 33-5a, p. 561 |
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Tight junction |
Strands (rows of proteins) running parallel with the free surface of the tissue; they block leaking between adjoining cells, Fig. 33-5b, p. 561 |
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Gap junction |
Cylindrical arrays of proteins span the plasma membrane of adjoining cells. They pair up as open channels for signals between cells, Fig. 33-5c, p. 561 |
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Loose connective tissue |
Soft connective tissue: Fibers, fibroblasts, other cells loosely arranged in adhesive ground substance; beneath skin and most epithelia; elasticity, diffusion, Fig. 33-6a, p. 562 |
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Dense, irregular connective tissue |
Soft connective tissue: Collagen fibers, fibroblasts occupy most of the ground substance; in skin and in capsules around some organs; structural support, Fig. 33-6b, p. 562 |
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Dense, regular connective tissue |
Soft connective tissue: Collagen fibers bundled in parallel rows of fibroblasts, little ground substance; tendons, ligaments; strength, elasticity, Fig. 33-6c, p. 562 |
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Cartilage |
Specialized Connective tissue: Chondrocytes inside pliable, solid ground substance; nose, ends of cartilaginous fish, vertebrate embryo; support, flexion, low-friction surface for joint movements, Fig. 33-6d, p. 562 |
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Bone tissue |
Specialized Connective tissue: Collagen fibers, osteocytes occupying extensive calcium-hardened ground substance; _____ of all vertebrate skeletons; movement, support, protection, Fig. 33-6e, p. 563 |
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Adipose tissue |
Specialized Connective tissue: Large, tightly packed fat cells occupying most of ground substance; under skind, around the heart and kidneys; energy storage, insulation, padding, Fig. 33-6f, p. 563 |
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Skeletal muscle |
Bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells; many mitochondria; often reflex-activated but can be consciously controlled; partner of skeletal bones, against which it exerts great force; locomotion, posture; head, limb movements, Fig. 33-9a2, p. 564 |
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Cardiac muscle |
Cylindrical, unevenly striated muscle fibers that abut at their ends; signal flow through gap junctions make them contrac rapidly as a unit; ____ wall; pump blood forcefully through cirulatory system, Fig. 33-9b, p. 564 |
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Smooth muscle |
Contractile cells tapered at both endsl not striated; walls of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, many other soft internal organs; controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow, Fig. 33-9c, p. 564 |
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Integumentary System |
Protects body from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens; controls its temperature; excretes certain wastes; receives some external stimuli. |
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Nervous System |
Detects external and internal stimuli; controls and coordinates the responses to stimuli; integrates all organ system activities. |
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Muscular System |
Moves body and its internal parts; maintains posture; generates heat by increases in metabolic activity. |
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Skeletal System |
Supports and protects body parts; provides muscle attachment sites; produces red blood cells; stores calcium, phosphorus. |
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Circulatory System |
Rapidly transports many materials to and from cells; helps stabilize internal pH and temperature. |
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Endocrine System |
Hormonally controls body functioning; works with nervous system to integrate short-term and long-term activities. |
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Lymphatic System |
Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream; defends the body against infection and tissue damage. |
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Respiratory System |
Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells; removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells; helps regulate pH. |
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Digestive System |
Ingests food and water; mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment; eliminates food residues. |
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Urinary System |
Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment; excretes excess fluid and blood-borne wastes. |
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Reproductive System: Male |
Produces and transfers sperm to the female. Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems. |
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Reproductive System: Female |
Produces eggs; after fertilization, affords a protected, nutritive environment for the development of new individuals. |
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Epithelium |
: a sheetlike tissue of cells that line the body's surface and its cavities, ducts, and tubes. Close together, with little extracellular material between them; one free surface is exposed to the outside environment or to some body fluid; squamous, cuboidal, or columnar shape. |
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glands |
saclike, secretory organs that open to the free epithelial surface; gland cells occur only in epithelia |
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Exocrine glands |
secrete many substances, such as oils, mucus, saliva, tears, milk, digestive enzymes, and earwax; they have ducts or tubes that open onto the free epithelial surface. |
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Endocrine glands |
have no ducts; they secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid. |
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Cell junction |
structurally and functionally link adjoining cells. |
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Blood |
considered a connective tissue because its cellular components arise from stem cells in bone, a connective tissue. |
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Fibrous, regular connective tissue |
Soft connective tissue: Collagen fibers bundled in parallel, long rows of fibroblasts, little ground substance; tendons, ligaments; strength, elasticity |
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Nervous tissue |
Exerts the greatest control over the body's responsiveness throughout the body; consists of neurons and neuroglia |
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Neurons |
Excitable cells; organized as lines of communication throughout the body; various neurons detect stimuli; others coordinate the body's responses; still others relay signals to muscles and glands for response |
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Neuroglia |
Diverse cells that protect and metabolically support the neurons. |
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Stem cells |
from when a zygote first begins to divide; can divide indefinitely without differentiating; can be coaxed into forming many cell types |
