| Term | Definition |
|
polytheism |
the belief in more than one god |
|
pyramid |
a monumental structure used as a tomb for a pharoah, a massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides |
|
the Nile River |
The most important and biggest river that runs through Egypt. It helped the Egyptians very much. It was considered sacred. |
|
afterlife |
life after death |
|
mummy |
a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt) |
|
papyrus |
paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat |
|
scribe |
someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts |
|
Diaspora |
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel |
|
famine |
a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death |
|
monotheism |
the belief in one god |
|
exile |
expelled from home or country by authority |
|
plague |
a widespread disease |
|
mosaics |
pictures created from tiny pieces of colored stone |
|
aqueducts |
Bridge-like stone structures that carry water from the hills into Roman cities |
|
dictator |
a person in ancient Rome appointed to rule for six months during an emergency |
|
gladiators |
slaves in the Roman empire who fought to death as entertainment |
|
Colesseum |
Roman sports arena |
|
senator |
a member of the senate (governing council of ancient Rome) |
|
pilgrimage |
a journey, often for religious purposes. |
|
caliph |
the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth |
|
Mecca |
an Arabian trading center & Muhammad’s birthplace |
|
five pillars |
The basic five duties of all Muslims. |
|
Qur'an |
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina |
|
Shiite |
A member of the branch of Islam that supports the descendants of Muhammad as his rightful successors |
|
Sunni |
a follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community |
|
fief |
a piece of land held under the feudal system |
|
Franks |
Only large, united kingdom in early Middle Ages, member of the Germanic tribes |
|
artisan |
Skilled crafts worker |
|
Pope |
leader of the Roman church |
|
crusades |
a series of military expeditions by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims |
|
guild |
A medival organization of crafts workers or tradespeople |
|
infidels |
non-Christians |
|
Clovis |
king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy |
|
Charles Martel |
the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. |
|
Pepin |
Charles Martel's son. first king to have the pope's blessing |
|
Charlemagne |
King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning |
|
Alcuin |
liberal arts basis for medieval education |
|
Rashi |
important Jewish scholar, wrote comments about Torah |
|
William the Conquerer |
The powerful duke of Normandy(part of France) English hated him because he ruled both england and france. He brought feudalism to europe form france |
|
Hildegard of Bingen |
a woman author who wrote on religion, science, medicine, and composed music |