 | Term | Definition |
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Colonial experiences |
What are many of Africa’s recent problems traced back to? |
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roads, railroads, harbors, and cities, |
In colonies, Europe brought new crops, technologies, and cash economies; they built |
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profitable |
What were new forms of transportation in colonies supposed to help them be? It’d link plantations and mines to ports; |
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cash crops, raw material |
What did Europeans export that helped pay for European rule? |
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stay the same |
After liberation, did the pattern of economic dependence (stayed the same, differed a little, changed complete)? |
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Political |
During the colonial period, Europe undermined traditional African _ systems, and when they left African rulers in place, they told them how to govern. |
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Educated |
Europeans denied what kind of Africans top jobs in colonial spots? |
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Democratic Nation |
When granted independence, colonial powers expected an immediate transformation from authoritarian colony into a _ _. |
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health care, education |
Colonial governments had a major impact on _ _ and _ in Africa; Vaccines for yellow fever and small pox; missionary groups would do more medical attention than the gov.; emphasized elementary education, relatively few secondary schools, and rare universities; |
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Colonial powers |
At independence, African nations had borders that were drawn by _ power. They could cause big problems; Many new nations might be hostile groups forced to live together in the same country; Some borders split same ethnic groups into 2 nations; |
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Belgium, Britain, France, Portugal |
What 4 continents in 1945 controlled almost the entire African continent? (alpha) |
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Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa |
What were the only independent nations in Africa in 1945? |
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Nationalism |
Rising tide of _ swept over European colonial empires; |
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Ex soldiers, wartime defense |
World War II sharpened edges of nationalist movements in Africa; __ were easy recruits for growing nationalist movements; Also found support in workers in _ _ industries. |
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New policies, gradual |
Britain and France were tired of fighting, so when faced with nationalist demands, they adopted _ _; introduced political reforms that would lead to _ independence; Colonies couldn’t change the pace of it though, so pressure built; |
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western speakers |
Most nationalist leaders had a _ education; many were powerful _; throughout Africa, leaders organized political parties. In the cities, they make newspapers, rallies, etc. |
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Garvey, Gandhi |
Kwame Nkrumah student the Pan-Africanist _, and the nonviolent methods of _; he organized a radical political party; first prime minister of Ghana |
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Ghana |
What was Gold Coast renamed in 1957 by Nkrumah? |
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Kikiyu |
Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya was a spokesperson for the _, many of them were displaced farmers; He supported nonviolence; arrested when guerrilla warfare broke out; Kenya’s 1st prime minister and first president |
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Mau Mau |
The British name for the guerrillas in Kenya |
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France |
1800s – Algeria had been conquered through a brutal struggle by what country? |
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Arab Berber |
Along with the Europeans who had settled in Algeria, France also wanted to keep the _ _ people of Algeria from getting independence. |
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National Liberation Front |
Muslim Algerian nationalists set up a group who turned to Guerrilla warfare to win freedom; What is the name? (FLN) |
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+50 nations |
How many new nations were born in Africa during the great Liberation? |
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Nonaligned |
During the Cold War, many Africans supported the _ movement; |
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Socialism, Nyerere |
Tanzania’s ruler was viewed with suspicion by the west for embracing _. His name is what? |
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Red, Ethiopia, Somalia |
Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts in Africa the Soviet Union supported rival groups along the _ Sea, involving what two countries? |
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Organization of African Unity |
New nations of Africa were determined, so they set up a regional and global organization; what did they create in 1963? It promoted cooperation among members, supported independence, and sought peaceful settlement |
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African Development Bank |
The Organization of African Unity set up a bank to channel investment capital from foreign sources into development programs. What was the bank called? |
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United Nations |
After independence, African nations join what major group? |
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UN, Red Cross, Oxfam, Doctors without Borders |
What private agencies respond to famine and other crises that strike African nations? |
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Zaire |
In the early 1960s, what country did the UN help keep peace in? |
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Biafra |
UN efforts helped save millions from starvation where during Nigeria’s civil war? |
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Britain |
Businessman Cecil Rhodes took control of the region known as Southern Rhodesia in the 1890s. What country is he from? |
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majority |
When nationalism swept through Africa, white Southern Rhodesians rejected to give up any more power to the black majority; When Britain supports demands for _ rule, conservative whites led by Ian Smith declare independence in 1965; |
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Zimbabwe |
Mugabe and Nkomo were nationalist guerrillas; Many whites fled, and UN _ hurt the economy; Smith reached a negotiated settlement and 1980 what did this area become? |
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1 party, unity |
Mugabe called for a _ _ system to promote national _ and tolerated little opposition in Zimbabwe; |
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Britain, white settlers |
South Africa was free from what country in 1910? Who was freedom limited to? |
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Less then 20 |
In South Africa, what percent of the people were white? |
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Afrikaners |
Descended from Dutch settlers who demanded severe new limits on blacks in South Africa |
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racial, apartheid |
In 1948 the Afrikaner National party won a majority in a “whites-only” parliament in South Africa ; they extended the system of _ segregation, and created _, or separation of all races; |
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apartheid |
Banned marriages between races, set up segregated restaurants, beaches, schools, and other facilities; blacks who worked in factories, mines, and other jobs were paid less than whites; what are all these laws part of in South Africa? |
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African National Congress |
In 1912, an organization formed in South Africa, set up to oppose white domination; in the 1950s, Afrikaners set up laws, so this group boycotted and had strikes; what is it called? |
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the Massacre at Sharpeville, ANC |
In 1960 in South Africa, police gunned down 69 peaceful protesters which woke up the rest of the world; After the incident, the government outlawed the _ _ _ and cracked down; What was this incident called? |
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27, symbol |
Mandela spent _ years in prison, but remained a power _ for the struggle against apartheid; 1994 – first president in a mixed election |
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Masakhane |
Mandela’s slogan and guiding policy in South Africa: “Let us build together,” |
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German Southwest Africa, independence |
In 1920, South Africa received _ _ _ as a mandate from the League of Nations; After WWII, the UN asked South Africa to prepare the territory for _, but instead they backed the oppressive regime run by the white minority; |
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Southwest African Peoples Organization, Namibia |
The German Southwest Africa mandate led to a struggle between a group using armed struggle; they went to guerrilla warfare with South African troops, which then became part of the _ _; as the war came to a halt, agreement to hold free elections; 1990 – independent; what is the Name of the guerrilla group in the new country? What is the name of the new country? |
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Angola, Mozambique |
Portugal clung to its colonies in what two African countries? |
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15 Years |
During the 1960s, Portuguese dictator rejected demands for freedom – lead to guerrilla warfare; spent __ years fighting, when Portuguese officers realized they couldn’t win; in 1974 they toppled the dictator, and the next year two colonies were independent; |
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South Africa |
Independence didn’t stop the fighting in Angola and Mozambique, the _ _ rivalries raged for years; to undermine new governments, what country aided rebel groups in both countries? |
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Mozambique |
From 1975-1992, what country starved and killed civilians, destroyed schools and health clinics to overturn the government? |
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Cuba, South Africa |
The Soviet Union helped one side in Angola, by financing 50,000 troops from _ that fought in Angola; _ _ supported the rival group; the US also tried to undermine the SU |
