 | Term | Definition |
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Russian Empire |
In 1914, what empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean? |
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Middle and Urban working class |
Russia was dominated by landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar; Much of the peasant population had poverty; What 2 classes were emerging in Russia, as it began to industrialize? |
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Social change, constitution |
Czar made reforms under pressure, but too few eased crisis; the elected Duma had no real power; Moderates pressed for 2 things. What were they? |
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Secret Police |
Nicholas II was a weak and ineffectual man and blocked attempts to limit his authority; who did he rely on to enforce his will? |
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Corrupt bureaucracy and overburdened court system |
What two things added to the problems of the government? |
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Marxists |
During this time, what beliefs were trying to be ignited among the proletariats? To outwit government spies, revolutionaries worked in secrecy under rigid discipline; |
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Nationalism |
What was fired up after the break of WWI in 1914? |
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Alexandra, czarina and Gregory Rasputin |
World War I quickly strained Russian resources; in a patriotic gesture, Nicholas II went to the head of the military; who’d he leave in charge? Who’d she trust? |
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Petrograd, the Bread Riots |
By 1917, fuel shortages, disasters on battlefields, food shortages – all brought monarchy to collapse; In St. Petersburg workers went on strike. What was St. Petersburg renamed? What did this strike become known as? The czar abdicated, and Duma politicians set up a provisional government. |
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Soviets, Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin |
In cities, revolutionists set up councils of workers and soldiers; what are these called? At first, they’d work democratically but before long what group of socialists took charge? Who led them? |
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Peace, land, and Bread |
In November, him and his friend Trotsky promised the Russian people a change; What was the quote that the Bolshevik’s used? |
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Red Guards, Winter Palace |
In 1917, the government launched a bad offense against Germany; So, in 1917, Bolshevik squads attacked the provisional government; In Petrograd, they entered the palace, and no blood was shed. What are the Bolshevik squads called? What Palace did they enter? |
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Kremlin |
The Bolsheviks quickly seized powr in other cities; in Moscow, it took 1 week of fighting to blast the government of the former czarist center of government; The Bolsheviks took it as their headquarters; what was it called? |
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Bolshevik group Communists |
Ended private ownership and distributed lands to peasants, workers got control of factories and mines, and a new flag; red with an entwined hammer and sickle; What group represented this? What did the Bolshevik’s change their name too? |
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Loyalists to the czar, anyone formerly suppressed by the czar |
After the Bolshevik Revolution, civil war raged for 3 years between reds and whites; what people made up the ‘Whites’? What groups joined the Reds? |
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Whites |
The Allied powers intervened in the civil war; what side did they take? They didn’t do very much help; |
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Suspicion, cheka |
Brutality was very common; Communists launched their own reign of terror, with their own secret police; executed people on just ____. What was the name of their secret police? |
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Ancient Rome |
Trotsky turned the army into a fighting force; Used former czarist officers under the watch of commissars; If your squad performed poorly, Trotsky shot every 10th man. Who did he borrow that technique from? |
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1921, millions |
By what year did the Communists win? How many dead? |
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War Communism |
Communists adopted a policy where they took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads; peasants had to deliver surplus and peasant laborers were drafted into the military or factory work; |
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Supreme Soviet, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR or Soviet Union |
in 1922, the Communists produced a constitution that was both democratic and socialist; it set up an elected legislature; What was it renamed later? Citizens over 18 can vote, political power, resources, means of production belong to workers and peasants, and renamed Russia; What was Russia’s new name? |
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Communist Party |
In theory, the Soviet union was a multinational state, but reality was different; Instead of the people, who reigned supreme? They used secret police; largest republic, so it dominated all others |
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Small, New Economic Policy NEP |
1921 Lenin retreats from war communism and picks up a new policy; Under party control, factory and mine output had fallen, peasants stopped making grain, so he adopted a new one allowing some capitalist ventures; state kept control of banks, foreign trade, large industries; __ businesses could open; also stopped squeezing peasants for grain; peasants held onto small plots of land and sold their surplus crops; to Lenin, policy was temporary; What was the policy called? |
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5 Year Plan |
Stalin gains power in 1928; he starts new plans; they’re aimed at heavy industry, improving transportation and increasing farm output; all economic activity under government control, and developed command economy; What was this plan called? |
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Cheap, low |
Stan’s five Year Plans production goals were too high; managers were worried about meeting the quota, so what quality were the things that came out? Between 28-39 hydroelectric power stations and industrial complexes were built; mining expanded, railroads built; not many people had much to show for sacrifices; How was their standard of living? |
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Agriculture, Kulaks |
Stalin also brought ___ under government control; Stalin made peasants give up plots, and set up collectives; they could keep houses and belongings, but tools, animals, and crops had to go; people rebelled, and dealt with harshly; Whom did Stalin seek to destroy the most? |
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Show trials, Great Purge 1934 |
Stalin launched a reign of terror where he cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, party activists from early days, army heroes, industrial managers, writers, and ordinary citizens; Killed nations military officers, which would come in handy during WWII; what were held in between 36-38 in Moscow? What was this reign of terror called and what year? |
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Communist Internation, or Comintern |
Soviet Foreign policy; Lenin formed a group that aided revolutionary groups around the world and urged colonial people to rise against imperialist powers; what was the name? (2 names) |
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“Red Scare”, Britain |
The Comintern’s propaganda, formed by Lenin, made western powers suspicious of the Soviet union; this lead to a movement in the US where the population feared Bolshevik takeover, what is it called? What country broke relations when SU revealed schemes to turn a strike into a revolution? |
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Stalin |
Secret police, censorship, violent purges, terror – to ensure obedience under what ruler in Russia? |
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Propaganda, Pravda |
Radios and loudspeakers blared into factories and villages, movie theaters, and schools, citizens heard about communist successes and evils of capitalism; Newsreels and newspapers showed bumper harvests and new hydroelectric dams opening; What method do these all give an example of? What was Stalin’s Newspaper called? Means truth |
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Muslims, own texts and shrines – Lenin’s tomb |
Targeted Russian Orthodox Church (supported czars), Catholics, Jewish, banned Hebrew, Islam discouraged; 1 group living in Soivet Union usually faced fewer restrictions; Soviet Union wanted support among the colonized people in the Middle East; What religion wasn’t so restricted? What replaced sacred texts and religious icons? |
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Members of communist party; industrial managers, military leaders, scientists, |
Who was the new elite group in the totalitarian government during Stalin’s time? |
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Members of the new elite |
Best apartments, vacation homes, shop at special stores, good shoes – who has all these things in the totalitarian state in Russia under Stalin’s rule? |
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Benefits, standard of living |
Free education, free medicare, free daycare for kids, inexpensive housing, public recreations; What is this a list of in Russia’s totalitarian government for the normal class? What still remained low in society, though? |
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The youth |
After the Russian Revolution, schools were built everywhere; in addition to basic skills, love of Stalin, collective farming’s glory, atheism, and outside school programs; sports, cultural activities, political classes; Who was taught all these in school? |
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Equal |
Under communists women were (equal, less, more) than men. |
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Art Must Serve Politics |
What quote did Stalin insist of Russian artists and writers? |
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Censorship |
Stalin forced socialist realism; Stalin had strict __ of work; stalin died in 1953 |
| Add or remove terms from this set |
