 | Term | Definition |
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Shih Huang-di |
First emperor of Qin Dynasty |
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Genghis Khan |
was a Mongolian warlord and a highly respected figure in Mongolian history. He is currently regarded as the father of the Mongol nation. During his rule, he quickly became known for his aggressive military practices, and his highly successful battle tactics against larger and more advanced foes such as China and Middle East[3]. This formidable status, along with his military success, forged one of the largest and most feared empires in history, an empire that spanned thousands of miles with a reputation that eventually encircled the globe |
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Kublai Khan |
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294), Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China |
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William the Conqueror |
duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England |
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Philip II Augustus |
Fought against england to regain the french lands of normandy, anjou, maine and aquitaine, quadroupled the wealth |
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Joan of Arc |
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; tried for heresy and burned at the stake. |
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Francesco Petrarch |
Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin. |
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Niccolo Machiavelli |
a Florentine statesman and historian, watched struggles for power(city's defense, actions of Italian rulers); drew famous book: The Prince |
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Michelangelo |
Florentine sculptor and painter and architect |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
artist; scientist; inventor; studied and did his work under art masters in Florence; sketched and wrote about geometry, engineering, sound, motion, and architecture; studied anatormy; first person to draw maps from bird's-eye view; designed bridges, weapons, other machines, and underwater diving suit |
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Hernan Cortes |
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) |
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Francisco Pizzaro |
He was from Portugal he went to Peru in 1532; he crushed Incas; took lot of money |
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Vasco da Gama |
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) |
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Christopher Columbus |
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430) |
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Ferdinand Magellan |
(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. |
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Martin Luther |
Found "Justification by Faith". Encouraged the Bible to be written in German vernacular. Cause of Lutheranism. Wrote The 95 Thesis, the three pamphlets: "Address to Nobilityof the German Nation" and "The Babylonian Captivity of the Church" and "On the Freedom of Man". |
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John Calvin |
responsible for founding calvinism, which was reformed catholicism. He writes about it in "Institutes of a Christian Religion" published in 1536. He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell. |
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Henry VIII |
Labled "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope. Needed a divorce, asked Cardinal Wolsey for an annulment from the Pope. He wasn't able beacuse of the Popes relationship with Catherine of Aragon (the soon to be X-wife). Wolsey is fired, and Cromwell and Cranmer are appointed as his advisers. They decide he should brake away from the Pope and Catholic Church. He succeeds and he grants himself a divorce. |
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Elizabeth I |
a. Never Married b. Secured predestine in Europe c. Build Navy to defend from Spanish d. England defeats the Spanish Armada e. Began England’s Rise f. Encourages English Renaissance |
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Louis XIV |
King of France (1643-1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court and the expansion of French influence in Europe. Louis waged three major wars: the Dutch War (1672-1678), the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). |
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Charles I |
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 |
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Oliver Cromwell |
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. |
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James II |
King of Scotland (1437 – 60). He succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father, James I of Scotland. Because he was so young, the strong central authority his father had established quickly collapsed, and his first adult task was the restoration of monarchical authority. |
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Frederick William |
the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688) |
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Maria Theresa |
Maria Theresa’s long reign, led by Frederick the Great, invaded her lands and tried to dismember them. Maria was determined to introduce reforms that would make the state stronger and more efficient. Aimed at limiting the papacy’s realm of political influence. (p.621) |
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Peter I |
(1682-1725) took control of gv't, wanted to make Russia more European, reduced power of boyars, kept happy-power over serfs, no taxes, Grand Embassy went to shipyards, built 1st Russian navy, wanted control of Baltic Sea (Sweden), declared war on Sweden (Charles XII), part Baltic & St. Petersburg (window to west) became capital in 1712, modernize military, Treaty of Nystad, expaneded borders |
