 | Term | Definition |
| |
Classical conditioning |
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly with one that reflexively elicits a particular response so the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response to itself (also called respondent conditioning) |
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Operant conditioning |
a type of learning in which behavior is increased or decreased by systematically changing its consequences (also known as instrumental conditioning) |
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Classical conditioning, operant conditioning |
Whereas _________ focuses on the antecedents of behavior, __________ focuses on antecedents and consequences of behavior |
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Social cognitive theories |
Whereas classical and operant conditioning focus on overt behavior, actions that people can directly observe, ___________ focus on the study of covert behavior, those that take place within the individual and cannot be observed. |
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Cognitive-behavioral |
Often used to describe theorists who consider both overt and covert behaviors in their research and psychotherapy |
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Positive reinforcement |
a positive event presented as a consequence of a person performing a behavior |
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Positive reinforcement |
is considered to be one of the most widely used behavior therapy procedures because of its effectiveness in bringing about changes in behavior and its compatibility with cultural values |
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Extinction |
the process of no longer presenting a reinforcer |
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Examples of extinction |
ignoring a crying child, working without being paid, not responding to someone who is talking to you |
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Generalization |
transferring the response to one type of stimuli to similar stimuli |
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Discrimination |
responding differently to stimuli that are similar based on different cues or antecedent events |
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Shaping |
gradually reinforcing certain parts of a target behavior to more closely approximate the desired target behavior |
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Observational learning |
a type of learning in which people are influenced by observing the behaviors of another |
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4 basic functions of observational learning |
attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation |
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Imaginal coding |
mental images of events, such as picturing two friends having talked to each other yesterday |
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Verbal coding |
sometimes called self-talk, refers to subvocal descriptions of events |
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Vicarious reinforcement |
observing someone getting reinforced for performing an action and concluding that performing the same behavior will bring about a reinforcement |
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Self-efficacy comes from 4 major sources |
performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and lowering emotional arousal |
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Goals of behavior therapy |
Situationally specific, depending on the desired behavior change; The client and the therapist work together to develop goals, often referred to as target behaviors |
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Target behavior |
a part of client's problem that can be clearly defined and easily assessed. It is the focus of treatment in behavior therapy |
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Assessment in behavior therapy is... |
a process that continues throughout behavior therapy and after it ends. |
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broader characteristics |
Assessing specific behaviors rather than ______________ or traits is the hallmark of behavioral assessment. |
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Reactivity |
refers to change in clients' behavior caused by knowing that behavior is being recorded or observed. |
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Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) |
A specific procedure for replacing anxiety with relaxation while gradually increasing the imagined exposure to an anxiety-producing situation. |
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3 major procedures of systematic desensitization: |
relaxation, hierarchy, and desensitization |
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Imaginal flooding therapies |
prolonged in vivo or imagined exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, with no ability to avoid or escape the stimuli. Implosive therapy uses this. |
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in vivo |
The Latin term for "in life", which refers to therapeutic procudures that take place in the client's natural environment |
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Implosive therapy |
a type of prolonged intense exposure therapy in which the client imagines exaggerated scenes that include hypothesized stimuli. |
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Typically, virtual reality therapy is used for |
the treatment of anxiety disorders, especially phobias. |
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Modeling techniques |
Based on Bandura's social cognitive theory, these techniques provide an opportunity for clients to observe the behavior of another person (a model) and then use the results of their observations. |
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Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) |
Behavioral techniques are combined with a focus on clients' use of language to reduce distress. The focus is on accepting a feeling, event, or situation rather than avoiding it. Therapists help clients commit to behaviors that fits with their values. |
| Add or remove terms from this set |
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