Set: Chpt 2: Rise of Atlantic World

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All 28 Terms

Term Definition
The Columbian exchange Food, plants and diseases exchanged b/t Europe and Africa to America and vice versa; livestock and plants introduced by European colonists negatively impacted Native American diet and depleted American soil; vast exchange of food increased nutrition to the point of making global population growth possible
English "Poor Laws" emphasized gap between increasing number of disadvantaged/impoverished in England and the upper/middle classes; attempt to "control" poor that were forced to roam from town to town looking for work; punishments were physical but were rarely successful as the offender usually moved to another town
enclose (enclosure movement) when English landowning gentry converted their commons, open to small family farmers, into private property. This left many peasants vulnerable, and few were able to keep land.
joint-stock company new form of business organization that was financed by many investors that became the ancestor of the modern corporation
indulgences/Martin Luther/Protestant Reformation forgiveness of sin and decreased time in purgatory for a good deed, usually giving money to the church/ opposed Catholic Church beliefs and sale of indulgences/ rise of Christians against Catholic Church beliefs (1517)
John Calvin/predestination leader of Calvinists, opposed Catholicism with Luther but did not agree that faith and grace alone secured salvation/ belief that God chooses those who live eternally in heaven, therefore no good Christians can ever be assured of their salvation
Counter-Reformation produced the Council of Trent (1545-1563), which defended Catholic practices and denounced Protestantism while also preventing corruption and encouraging public participation
Puritans vs. Anglicans Puritans wanted Anglican practices out of the Church of England because they believed that God did not bestow any special powers to Catholic priests. They were also more exclusive with membership, only allowing those with a conversion experience to join, whereas all baptized Catholics were allowed to be a member of the church
conversion experience evidence to the Puritan church of a true Christian, must have one to be a church member - baptism not enough
Prince Henry the Navigator Portugese sailor who led the way in commercial African trading with new maritime technology including the astrolabe, compass, triangular Arab sail, and new vessel, the caravel. This introduced Europe to the profit of the African slave trade.
Vasco de Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1498
Vasco Nunez de Balboa Spaniard, who, in 1513, crossed Panama's narrow isthmus
Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 sailed around the South American tip to the Philippines, where he died. In 1522, 15 of his men reached Spain - the first to sail all the way around the world.
northwest passage theoretical, quicker passage through northern America to Asia fruitlessly searched for by Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier from 1524 to 1542
conquistadores/encomiendas Spanish for conqueror, the first of whom was Christopher Columbus, who took native land/ grants of Native American land, labor, and tribute to wealthy colonists which harshly overworked natives until the Portugese arrived with enslaved Africans
Hernan Cortes conquistador, led six hundred Spanish troops and enemies of the Aztecs to overtake Moctezuma's gold-rich city of Tenochtitlan; only able to defeat the determined Aztecs with the help of Cuban reinforcements and an outbreak of smallpox among the natives
Ponce de Leon/de Vaca/de Soto/Coronado conquered Puerto Rico from 1512-1513 and died in Flordia in search of gold and slaves/ went on an expedition in Flordia in 1527 and was though to be dead after Apalachee Indian attacks but led four survivors to Mexico eight years later/ blundered much of known North America from 1539-1543 for gold, but all their chances were ruined when attacked by a coalition of angry Native Americans in 1540/ led a gold expedition from 1540-1542 in the southwest but found nothing
Samuel de Champlain sent out in 1608 to establish New France; made alliances with surrounding Indians for trade and military purposes; ended casual encounters when he killed the Mohawk cheifs and scared off their tribesmen
Francis Drake/Walter Raleigh sailed around the world from 1577-1580 to find prospective colonies for England/ created colony further south called Virginia colonized first on Roanoke Island
Spanish Armada, 1588 sent out by Spain's Phillip II, defeated by the English navy and confirmed England's status as a major power in the Atlantic
Elizabeth I/James I (1558-1603) she didn't trust the Puritans, but she turned to them after the Catholics' attempt to overthrow her power when the pope declared her a heretic/ (1603-1625) refused the Puritans' urges to get rid of Anglican practice and officials in the church, but tolerated non-dissenting Puritans in the Church of England
Virginia Company of London joint-stock company that sponsored a colony in Jamestown; went bankrupt after The Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Captain John Smith brought military order and discipline to the dying colony of Jamestown; captured by the Powhatans but allowed to live because of his courage; left for England because of injury and the colony dwindled once again
John Rolfe married Pocahontas; brought tobacco production to Virginia - attracted new settlers with profit
headrights 50-acre land grants given to sponsors who paid the way for new settlers
Separatists faction of Puritans who believed that a "pure" church should have no contact with Anglican "pollution"; made up most of the first Pilgrims, who had gone to the Netherlands to escape the Church of England and moved to America to prevent their children from growing up according to Dutch culture
Thomas Weston/Pilgrims/Plymouth Plantation led a group of merchants and farm families to establish a colony of Separtists in Plymouth/ colonists in Plymouth; half died soon after landing, but they became economically self-sufficient after learning corn growing from English-speaking Indians, Squanto and Samoset/ flourishing, self-governing society of mostly farm families; celebrated first Thanksgiving
Mayflower Compact all males on the Mayflower headed for Plymouth signed this to say they were a government under the rule of England

Set Information

Terms 28
Creator kwatkins
Created July 16, 2008
Group DCA AP U.S.
Tag pgs. 23-51
Access Anyone
Edit Group: DCA AP U.S.

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You will be responsible for the historical significance of these identifications on your test. I am giving you the term. You and your classmates are responsible for creating the historical significance in the definition box. This is a study tool for you to use. You will receive extra credit on the test by using the cards to study. Therefore, if you want extra credit (and to study of course), you'll need to create the other half of the cards.

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kwatkins : whew...I was starting to get worried that none of you lovely darlings were writing anything. looking good so far!
suchida : I'm having trouble finding Peter Munit
kwatkins : I took Munit out. He was from a different book version that I was using...don't worry about him. Thanks for pointing that out.
JHollinshead : The space race game was really hard for me i cant type that fast
kwatkins : ha! it's because the definitions are so big. but, you don't have to play the games to study with the cards. you can do the first 3 options too.
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Most Missed Words

  1. Ponce de Leon/de Vaca/de Soto/Coronado → conquered Puerto Rico from 1512-1513 and died in Flordia in search of gold and slaves/ went on an expedition in Flordia in 1527 and was though to be dead after Apalachee Indian attacks but led four survivors to Mexico eight years later/ blundered much of known North America from 1539-1543 for gold, but all their chances were ruined when attacked by a coalition of angry Native Americans in 1540/ led a gold expedition from 1540-1542 in the southwest but found nothing - 13 misses
  2. enclose (enclosure movement) → when English landowning gentry converted their commons, open to small family farmers, into private property. This left many peasants vulnerable, and few were able to keep land. - 7 misses
  3. conquistadores/encomiendas → Spanish for conqueror, the first of whom was Christopher Columbus, who took native land/ grants of Native American land, labor, and tribute to wealthy colonists which harshly overworked natives until the Portugese arrived with enslaved Africans - 7 misses
  4. Thomas Weston/Pilgrims/Plymouth Plantation → led a group of merchants and farm families to establish a colony of Separtists in Plymouth/ colonists in Plymouth; half died soon after landing, but they became economically self-sufficient after learning corn growing from English-speaking Indians, Squanto and Samoset/ flourishing, self-governing society of mostly farm families; celebrated first Thanksgiving - 7 misses
  5. Vasco de Gama → sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1498 - 5 misses
  6. Hernan Cortes → conquistador, led six hundred Spanish troops and enemies of the Aztecs to overtake Moctezuma's gold-rich city of Tenochtitlan; only able to defeat the determined Aztecs with the help of Cuban reinforcements and an outbreak of smallpox among the natives - 5 misses
  7. Captain John Smith → brought military order and discipline to the dying colony of Jamestown; captured by the Powhatans but allowed to live because of his courage; left for England because of injury and the colony dwindled once again - 5 misses