Set: Vocabulary - Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Plate Tectonics, and Fossils

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All 54 Terms

Term Definition
crust Earth's outermost layer, which varies in thickness from about 5km to 60km and is separated from the mantle by the Moho Discontinuity
epicenter point of Earth's surface directely above an earthquake's focus
focus in an earthquake, the point beneath Earth's surface where energy release occurs
inner core very dense, solid center od the Earth that is made of mostly iron with smaller amounts of oxygen, silicon, sulfur, or nickel
magnitude measure of the energy released by an earthquake
mantle largest layer inside Earth, lying directly above the outer core and that is made mostly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, and iron
normal fault break in rock due to tension forces, where rock above the fault surface moves downward in relation to rock below the fault surface
outer core liquid core that surrounds Earth's solid inner core, and that is made mostly of iron
primary waves waves that travel outward from an Earthquake's focus and cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction the wave is moving
reverse fault break in rock due to compression forces, where rocks above the fault surface move upward and over the rocks below the fault surface
secondary waves waves that travel outward from an earthquke's focus and move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave
seismic waves energy waves that are produced at and travel outward from the earthquake's focus
seismograph device used by seimologists to record primary, secondary, suface waves from earthquakes
seismologist scientist who studiesearthquakes and seismic waves
strike-slip fault break in rock due to shearing forces, where rocks on either side of the fault suface move past each other with little upward or downward movement
athenosphere plastic-like layer below the lithosphere
continental drift hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that the states that continents have moved slowly to their current locations on Earth
convection current cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking that is thought to be the force behind plate tectioncs
lithosphere rigid, outermost layer of Earth that is about 100km thick, and is composed of the crust and part of the upper mantle
pangaea single large landmass made up of all the continents connected together that broke apart 200 million years ago
plate surface along which rocks break and move
plate tectonics theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections that move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle
seafloor spreading theory that magma from below Earth's crust is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge, flows from the cracks as the seafloor spreads apart and bcomes solid as it cools, forming new seafloor
surface waves waves of energy that reach Earth's surface during an earthquake, travel outward from the epicenter, and move rock particles up and down, and side to side
tsunami powerful seismic sea wave that can travel thousands of kilometers in all directions and that begins over an earthquake focus
batholith largest intrusive igneous rock bodies that form when magma cools underground before reaching Earth's surface
caldera large opening formed when the top of a volcano collapes
cinder cone volcano steep-sided volcano made of loosely packed tephra
composite volcano a volacano formed by alternating layers of tephra and lava and that is found mostly where Earth's plates come together
crater steep-walled depression around a volcano's vent
dike intrusive igneous rock body formed when magma is squeezed into a vertical crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens
hot spot location in the mantle that is hotter than any other areas and that melts rock, which is forced up toward the crust as magma
shield volcano a broad volcano with gently sloping sides
sill intrusive igneous rock body formed when magma is squeezed into a horizontal crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens
volcanic neck solid, igneous core of a volcano left behind when a volacno stops erupting
vent an opening on Earth's surface where magma is forced up and flows out as lava
volcano opening in Earth's surface that often forms a mountain when layers of lava and volcanic ash erupt and build up
earthquake vibrations caused by breaking rocks along faults
fault surface along which rocks break and move
tephra bits of rock or solified lava dropped from the air
fossils remains or traces of a once living organism reserved by rock
pertified remains fossils that form when some or all of the original materials that made up the organisms are replaced with minerals
carbonaceous film fossil formed when the remains of a once living organism are subjected to heat and pressure, leaving only a thin film of carbon behind
mold fossil formed when an organism is buried, decays, and leaves behind a hollow place in rock
cast fossil formed when sediments fill in a mold and harden into rock
index fossil fossil of a species that existed on Earth for only a short time, were abundant, and were widespread geographically
principle of superposition states that for undisturbed layers of rock, older rocks lie underneath younger and younger rocks
relative dating method to determine the order of events and relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence
unconformity gaps in the rock layers due to erosion, nondeposition, or both
absolute dating process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to determine their exact ages, in years
radioactive decay release of nuclear particles and energy from unstable atomic nuclei
half-life time needed for one half-life the mass of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay
uniformitarianism states that Earth processes happening today are similar to those that happened in the past
radioactive dating process to determine the absolute ages of rocks by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock
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Set Information

Terms 54
Creator sar_attraction
Created May 17, 2007
Group 8th Grade St. Gerard
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sense329 : 8th Grade please study!
jimmypop14 : woo
jimmypop14 : hey
jimmypop14 : someone here
jimmypop14 : lol
jimmypop14 : yo
jimmypop14 : ive been talkin by myself
jimmypop14 : i am so lonly i have nobody lalala
jimmypop14 : well ok im going to tell a joke
jimmypop14 : ok
jimmypop14 : wat is the last leter of the alphabet
jimmypop14 : well jim idk wat is it
jimmypop14 : well its t
jimmypop14 : look alphabet see its the letter t
jimmypop14 : lol
jimmypop14 : jajaja
jimmypop14 : jim is so funni
jimmypop14 : thanks jim
jimmypop14 : lol
jimmypop14 : im wack
jimmypop14 : lol
jimmypop14 : yea shwan woo
sar_attraction : hey jim
jimmypop14 : u read it
sar_attraction : haha jim, thatz a funny joke
jimmypop14 : and saw the song
jimmypop14 : yea im so happy its the first time somebody responds my thingis
jimmypop14 : so lets discuss about science
jimmypop14 : shawn
jimmypop14 : ii
jimmypop14 : the crust is long right
jimmypop14 : lol
sar_attraction : what's a volcano???
jimmypop14 : a thing that spits lava
sar_attraction : yea lol
jimmypop14 : i know to much
jimmypop14 : lol
jimmypop14 : jp
sar_attraction : opening in Earth's surface that often forms a mountain when layers of lava and volcanic ash erupt and build up
jimmypop14 : shawn u chated tats exactly wat the vocabulary word says
jimmypop14 : lol
sar_attraction : ya i kno
jimmypop14 : o yea
jimmypop14 : lets talk about spellin
jimmypop14 : wats ferret
jimmypop14 : huh
jimmypop14 : a kind of wesses
sar_attraction : a mammal
sar_attraction : *yawn* jim i'm tired
sar_attraction : imma go
jimmypop14 : :'(
jimmypop14 : ok
jimmypop14 : take care shawn
jimmypop14 : talk to u on msn lmao
AL3XiiS : omg
AL3XiiS : im bored :/
jimmypop14 : ahhhhhh 4 months n 17 days was the last message
jimmypop14 : yo im starting to think im the only one tat goes on quizlet
jimmypop14 : lma
jimmypop14 : jajaja
jimmypop14 : kul
jimmypop14 : yo i still remember this
jimmypop14 : the science test about volcanoes
jimmypop14 : sniff
jimmypop14 : i miss more st gerard now
jimmypop14 : ok bye
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Most Missed Words

  1. unconformity → gaps in the rock layers due to erosion, nondeposition, or both - 5 misses
  2. secondary waves → waves that travel outward from an earthquke's focus and move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave - 4 misses
  3. earthquake → vibrations caused by breaking rocks along faults - 4 misses
  4. pertified remains → fossils that form when some or all of the original materials that made up the organisms are replaced with minerals - 4 misses
  5. seismologist → scientist who studiesearthquakes and seismic waves - 3 misses
  6. half-life → time needed for one half-life the mass of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay - 3 misses
  7. radioactive dating → process to determine the absolute ages of rocks by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock - 3 misses