 | Term | Definition |
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dental hygiene was founded in |
1906 |
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Founder of dental hygiene |
Alfred C Fones |
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1st dental hygienist |
Irene Newman |
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roles of a dental hygienist |
Clinician, educator, administrator/manager, advocate and researcher |
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all roles of dental hygienist are considered to be _______ within the context of improving the public's health by promoting oral health |
Interrelated |
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Primary prevention |
refers to measures carried out so that disease does not occur and is truly prevented. EX: the use of fluorides |
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Secondary prevention |
Involves the treatments of early disease to preventfurther progress of potentially irreversible conditions. EX: removal of all calculus and dental biofilm |
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Tertiary prevention |
Uses methods to replace lost tissues and to rehabilitate the oral cavity to a level where funtion is near normal as possible. EX: replacement of a missing tooth using a fixed or partial denture. |
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ADPIE |
The dental hygiene process of care |
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A |
assesment(data collection) |
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D |
Dental hygiene diagnosis(problem id) |
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P |
Plan(selection of intervention) |
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I |
Implement(activating plan) |
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E |
Evaluate(feedback on effectiveness) |
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Two types of assesment data |
subjective and objective data |
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Subjective data |
Obtained by observation and interaction with the patient |
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Objective data |
Measurable and factual |
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Assessment |
Provides a foundation for patient care by collecting both subjective and objective data |
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Dental Hygiene diagnosis |
Provides basis on which the dental hygiene care plan is designed, implemented and evaluated |
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Plan |
The selection of interventions to be performed by the patient, dental hygienist, or others to meet the needs of the patient in attaining oral health |
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Implementation |
The activation of care plan |
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Evaluation |
Used to determine if the patient needs to be re-treated |
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Core values in dental hygiene |
Individual autonomy, confidentiality, societal trust, beneficence, nonmaleficence,justice and veracity |
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General supervision |
The dentist has prior knowledge and has given consent for the procedures being performed during which the dentist is not required to be present in the office or premise |
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Indirect supervision |
The dentist is in the office, authorizes the procedures and remains in the office while the procedures are being performed by the allied dental professional |
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Direct supervision |
The dentist is in the dental office, personally diagnoses the condition to be treated, personally authorize the procedure and before dismissal evualtes the performance of the dental professional |
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Microorganisms in oral cavity- origin |
oral cavity sterile in utero, after birth, a simple oral flora develops |
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Essential features for disease transmission |
1. Infectious agent 2. reservoirs 3. port of exit 4. transmission 5. port of entry and a susceptible host |
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Factors that influence the development of infection |
number of organisms and duration of exposure, virulence, immune status of the host and genral physical health of the host |
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Factors that alter normal defenses |
Abnormal physical conditions, systemic diseases, drug therapy and prostheses and transplants |
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Dust-borne organisms |
Airborne infection- microorganisms travel in the dust brought in from outside and that moves in and about dental treatment areas |
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Areosols |
Airborne infection: less than 50 um in diameter, invisible and are breathed into the lungs |
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Spatter |
Airborne infection: particles greater than 50um in diameter, and are visible |
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Tuberculosis(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) |
Transmitted by inhalation of tubercle bacilli. Organisms are disseminated from sputum and saliva of the infected. Incubation period may be as long as 10 weeks. Standard precautions are not sufficient for this. |
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Principle drugs for Tuberculosis |
Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin and ethambutol |
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Hepatitis A virus |
Most commonly occuring viral hepatitis. Transmission by fecal-oral route, waterborne and food-borne and by blood. Incubation period: 15-45 days (avg. is 30 days) and infection is communicable at this point. |
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Hepatitis B Virus |
Serious occupational hazard for healthcare personnel. Transmission by ONLY blood, saliva, semen and vaginal fluids. Incubation period is 2-6 months (avg. is 60-90 days) |
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Hepatitis C Virus |
Transmission by non-percutaneous routes and percutaneous exposure and transfusion. No vaccine available. May have no clinical symptoms. |
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Hepatitis D virus |
cannot cause infection except in the presence of HBV infection |
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Hepatitis E virus |
Transmission like those of HAV |
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV1) |
may be isolated to gingiva, most commonly found on vermillion border of lower lip. Lesions are infectious |
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Herpetic Whitlow |
HSV1 : herpes simplex infection of the finger |
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Ocular Herpes |
HSV1: transmission via splashing saliva or fluid from a vesicular lesion directly into an unprotected eye. |
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HHV2 Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV2) |
AKA genital herpes but also occurs as an oral and perioral infection. Prodomal state may be the most contagious |
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HHV3 Varicell-Zoster Virus (VZV) |
varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles) |
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HHV4 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) |
mononucleosis |
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HHV5 Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) |
transmitted neonatal and excreted in urine, saliva, cervical secretions and semen. blood transfusions and transplants |
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Clinical attire(PPE) includes: |
gown/uniform, hair/head covering, outside wear and mask. |
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The mask does not filter |
mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Objective of handwashing |
to reduce the bacterial flora of the hands to an absolute minimum |
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Basic steps in recirculation of instruments |
1. dirty instruments from clinical use 2. Instrument cleaning(thermal disinfection or ultrasonic) 3. Rinse and dry 4. package 5. seal. 6. Sterilize |
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The chemical indicator on the package means |
the autoclave has reached designated temp, DOES NOT designate sterilization |
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Sterilization methods |
moist heat, dry heat and chemical vapor sterilizer |
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Moist heat ( Steam under pressure) |
causes proteins to coagulate. Sterilization is achieved by action of heat and moisture; pressure serves only to attain high temp |
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Dry Heat |
primarily used for materials that cannot safetly be sterilized with steam under pressure |
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Chemical Vapor sterilizer |
A combination of alcohols, formaldehyde, ketone, water and acetone heated under pressre produces a gas that is effective as a sterilizing agent |
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Forms of chemical disinfectants |
1. Surface disinfectants 2. Immersion disinfectants 3. Immersion disinfectants 4. Hand antimicrobials |
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Categories of Disinfectants |
High level, intermediate level and low level |
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High level disinfectant |
Inactivates spores and all forms of bacteria, fungi and viruses |
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Intermediate level disinfectant |
Inactivates all forms of microorganisms but do not destroy spores |
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Low level disinfectant |
Inactivates vegetative bacteria and certain lipid-type viruses but do not destroy spores, tubercle bacilli or non-lipid viruses |
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recommended chemical agents used for dentistry |
Glutaraldehydes, chlorine compounds, Iodophors and complex/combination Phenolics |
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critical surface category |
penetrates soft tissue or bone so it must be sterilized or disposed of |
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Semicritical surface category |
touches intanct mucous membranes, oral fluids and does not penetrate. Must sterilize after each use or high-level disinfectant |
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Noncritical surface category |
Does not touch mucous membranes so clean use a tuberculocidal intermediate level disinfectant |
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General positions of patient |
upright, semi-upright, supine and trendelenburg |
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Upright position |
initial position from which chair adjustments are made |
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Semi-upright position |
patients with certain types of cardiovascular, respiratory or vertigo proplems may need this position |
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supine |
flat position: brain on same level as heart: supports circulation and is used for most treatment procedures |
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Trendelenburg |
patient is in the supine position and tipped back and down 35 degrees to 45 degrees so heart is higher than head |
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Neutral seated position of your head |
on top of neutral spine with forward neck flexion between 15-20 degrees or less |
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Neutral seated position of your elbows |
close to the body |
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Neutral seated position of your shoulders |
relaxed and parallel with the floor |
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Neutral seated position of your wrists |
forearm and wrists are in a straight line. |
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