 | Term | Definition |
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Age Sex distribution |
a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid |
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baby boom |
a cohort fo individuals born in the united states between 1946 and 1964, which was just after world war two in a time of relative peace and prosperity. these conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marrige and fertility |
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baby bust |
Period of dime during the 1960's and 1970's when fertility rates in the united states dropped as large nujbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and move competitive jobe, causing them to marry later in life, as such, the fertility rate dropped considerable. in contrast to the baby boom in which fertility rates were quite high |
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carrying capacity |
largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support |
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chain migration |
migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends of family members to an existing community |
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cohort |
population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit |
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cotton belt |
term by which the american south used to be known, as cotten historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. the same area is now known as the New South or the sun belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities |
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crude birth rate |
number of live births per year per 1000 people |
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crude death rate |
number of deaths per year per 1000 people |
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demographic accounting equation |
equation tht asummarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population with in a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration |
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demographic transition model |
sequence of demographic changes in which a coutry from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time |
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demography |
study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics |
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dependency ratio |
ratio of the number of people who are either too old or to young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. this is usually expressed in the form n:100, where n equals the number of dependents |
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doubling time |
time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely |
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emigration |
process of moving out of a particular country, usually the individual person's country of origin |
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exponential growth |
growth that occurs when ta fixed percentage of new people is addd to a population each year. exponential growht is compound because the fixed growht rate applies to an ever increasing population |
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forced migration |
the migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will |
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generation x |
term coined by artist and author Douglas Coup land to describe people born in the united states between the years of 1965 and 1980. this post baby boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years |
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immigration |
process of individuals moving to a new country with the intentions of remaining there |
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infant mortality rate |
percentage of children who die before their first birthday with in a particular area or country |
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internat migration |
permanent or semi permanent movement of individuals within a particular country |
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life expedtancy |
average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders and even races |
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Thomas Malthus |
author of essay on the principle of population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production |
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migration |
long term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another |
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natural increase rate |
difference between the number of births and the number of deaths within a particular country |
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neo-malthusian |
advocacy of population control programs to ensur enough resources for current and future generations |
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overpopulation |
value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population |
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population density |
measurement of the number of persons per unit land area |
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population geography |
division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population |
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population pyramid |
model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular place |
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pull factors |
attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities |
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push factors |
incentibes for ptential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession or politial turmol |
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refugees |
people who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are bithe officially relocated or enslaved |
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rust belt |
northern industrial states of the US, including Ohio, Michigan, and Penn., in which heavy industry was sonce the dominate activity. in the 1960's, 70's and 80's, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the US and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist climate |
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sun belt |
US region mostly comprimised fo southeastern and south western states which has grown most dramatically since WW2 |
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total fertility rate |
average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years |
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voluntary migration |
movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area the opposite of forced migration |
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zero population growth |
proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs |
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Brain Drain |
large scale emigration by talented people. branch (of a religion). a large and fundamental division within a religion |
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chain migration |
movement of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
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circulation |
short term repetitive or cyclical movement that recur on a regular basis |
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counter urbanization |
net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
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emigration |
movement from a location |
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flood plain |
area subject to floodin gduring a given number fo years according to historical trends |
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forced migration |
permanent movement compelled usually by permant factors |
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guest workers |
workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and western Europe usually from southern and eastern Europe or form north Africa, in search of higher paying jobs |
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immigration |
migration to a new location |
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internal migration |
permant movement within a particular country |
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Internal migration |
permant movement from on country to another |
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Interregional migration |
permant movement from one region in a country to another |
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Intervening obstical |
environmental or cultural reature of the landscape that hinders migration |
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Intraregional Migration |
permant movement within one region of a country |
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Migration |
form of relocational diffusion involving a permant move to a new location |
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migration transition |
change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic tranisition |
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Mobility |
all types of movement from one location to another |
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Net migration |
difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration |
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pull factors |
factors that induce people to move to a new location |
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push factors |
factors that induce people to leave old residences |
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quota |
in reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year |
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refugees |
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality membership in a social group or political opinion |
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undocumented immigrants |
people who enter a country without proper documents |
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voluntary migration |
permanent movement taken by choice |
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