 | Term | Definition |
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deviance |
any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged and/or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of a group |
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conformity |
behavior and appearances that follow and maintain the standards of a group. Also, the acceptance of the cultural goals and the pursuit of these goals through legitimate means |
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social control |
methods used to teach, persuade, or force a group's members, and even nonmembers, to comply with and not deviate from its norms and expectations |
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sanctions |
reactions of approval and disapproval to others' behaviors and appearances |
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positive sanction |
an expression of approval and a reward for compliance |
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negative sanction |
an expression of disapproval for noncompliance |
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informal sanction |
spontaneous, unoffical expressions of approval or disapproval that are not backed by the force of law |
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formal sanction |
definite and systematic laws, rules, regulations, and policies that specify (usually in writing) the conditions under which people should be rewarded or punished and that define the procedures for allocating rewards and imposing punishments |
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pure deviants |
people who have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders |
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secret deviants |
people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed, or, if it is noticed, prompts no one to enforce the law |
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master status of deviant |
an identification marking a rule breaker first and foremost as a deviant such that other identifications pale in comparison to this master status |
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Obedience to Authority |
Stanley Milgram's experiment; designed to see how far people would go before they would refuse to conform to an authority's orders (people applied fake electric shocks) |
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confederate |
someone who works in cooperation with the investigator conducting a research study |
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claims maker |
people who articulate and promote claims and who tend to gain in some way if the targeted audience accepts their claims as true |
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structural strain |
any situation in which (1) the valued goals have unclear limits, (2) people are unsure whether the legitimate means that society provides will allow them to achieve the valued goals, and (3) legitimate opportunities for meeting the goals remain closed to a significant proportion of the population |
| Add or remove terms from this set |
