 | Term | Definition |
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Hearing |
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain |
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Listening |
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. |
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Appreciative listening |
listening for pleasure or enjoyment |
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Empathic listening |
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker |
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Critical listening |
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it |
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Active listening |
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view |
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Listening for main points |
focusing on specific things in the speech |
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Evidence |
listen for evidence supporting the main points |
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Technique |
Watch the technique the speaker uses to get the message across |
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Denotative meaning |
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
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Connotative meaning |
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. |
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Thesaurus |
A book of synonyms |
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Concrete words |
Words that refer to tangible objects |
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Abstract words |
Words that refer to ideas or concepts |
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Imagery |
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. |
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Simile |
An explicit comparison, introduces with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
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Cliché |
A trite or overused expression |
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Metaphor |
Implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
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Rhythm |
The pattern of sound in the speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. |
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Parallelism |
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. |
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Repetition |
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. |
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Alliteration |
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close and adjoining words. |
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Antithesis |
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. |
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Extemporaneous speech |
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. |
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Volume |
The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice |
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Pitch |
The highness or lowness of the speaker’s volume. |
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Inflections |
Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice. |
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Monotone |
A constant pitch or tone of voice. |
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Rate |
The speed at which a person speaks. |
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Pause |
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. |
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Vocalized pause |
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh”, “er” and “um” |
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Vocal variety |
Changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and voume that give the voice veriety and expressiveness. |
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Pronunciation |
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. |
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Articulation |
The physical production of particular speech sounds. |
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Dialect |
A variety ofa language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. |
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Kinesics |
The sutyd of body motions as a systematic mode of communication |
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Gestures |
Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech. |
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Eye contact |
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person. |
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Usefulness of visual aids |
Clarifies, makes it interesting, retention |
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Models |
An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. |
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Charts |
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form |
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Graphs |
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns |
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Role of informative speaker |
to inform |
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Guidelines for effective informative speaking |
Don’t overestimate what the Audience knows, Relate the subject directly to the Audience, Don’t be too Technical, Avoid Abstractions, Personalize your ideas |
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Persuasion |
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions. |
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Target audience |
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade |
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Question of fact |
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion |
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Question of policy |
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
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Speech to gain passive agreement |
A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy |
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Speech to gain immediate action |
A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. |
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Need |
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: I there a serious problem or need that reuires a change from current policy? |
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Burden of proof |
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary. |
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Plan |
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? |
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Practicality |
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? |
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Problem |
solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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Problem |
cause-solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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Comparative advantages order |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions |
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Monroe’s motivated sequence |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
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Ethos |
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility |
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Initial credibility |
The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak |
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Derived credibility |
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech |
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Terminal Credibility |
The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech. |
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Evidence |
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something |
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Creating common ground |
A Technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience |
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Logos |
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
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Hasty generalizations |
An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. |
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Causal reasoning |
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. |
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Fallacies |
An error in reasoning |
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Red herring |
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
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Ad hominem |
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
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Bandwagon |
A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. |
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Slippery slope |
A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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Pathos |
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal |
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Guidelines for speeches of introduction |
Be brief, Make sure your remarks are completely accurate, Adapt your remarks to the occasion, Adapt your remarks to the main speaker, Adapt your remarks to the audience, Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama |
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Speech of presentation |
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition |
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Purpose of after |
dinner speech speeches-A speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner. |
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Defining of traits of a small group |
A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose |
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Types of leaders |
implied leader, Emergent leader, designated leader |
| Add or remove terms from this set |
