 | Term | Definition |
| |
chemical energy |
the energy that matter possesses because of its chemical makeup |
| |
chemical bond |
a mutual attration between different atoms that binds the atoms together |
| |
kinetic energy |
energy a moving object has because of its motion |
| |
potential energy |
energy an object has because of its position |
| |
a change in energy |
all physical and chemical changes involve... |
| |
energy |
the capacity to do work |
| |
law of conservation of energy |
in any chemical or physical process energy is neither created nor destroyed |
| |
heat |
the sum total of kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter |
| |
system |
a specfic portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation |
| |
temperature |
a meausure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter |
| |
0 degrees celcius |
273(.15) degrees kelvin equals |
| |
specific heat capacity |
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree kelvin |
| |
joule |
the SI unit for energy |
| |
E=mc^2 |
Einstein's Theory of Relativity: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared, implies that mass has an energy equivalent |
| |
mass has an energy equivalent |
Einstein's Theory of Relativity implies that... |
| |
the way scientists carry out investigations |
the scientific method |
| |
steps of the scientific method |
observing, hypothesizing, testing, theorizing, publishing results |
| |
scientific discoveries |
unexpected observations can result in... |
| |
Teflon and anticancer drug cisplatin |
were discovered accidentally |
| |
polymer |
a large organic molecule composed of smaller units bonded together |
| |
hypothesis |
a reasonable and testable explanation of observations |
| |
experiment |
a process carried out under controlled conditions |
| |
variable |
any aspect of an experiment that can be changed to affect the outcome of the experiment |
| |
control |
an aspect of the experiment kept constant so it doesn't affect the outcome of the experiment |
| |
theory |
a well-tested explanation of observations |
| |
a theory is based on... |
observation, experimentation, and reasoning |
| |
model |
a simplified representation of an object, system, process, or idea |
| |
scientific law |
a description of the natural world that has proven reliable over time |
| |
law of conservation of mass |
the products of a chemical reaction have the same mass as the reactants |
| |
function of a hypothesis |
to predict |
| |
function of a theory |
to explain |
| |
function of a law |
to describe |
| |
measurements must be made w/... |
standard procedures and the correct measuring instruments |
| |
accuracy |
the extent to which a measurement approaches the true value of a quantity |
| |
precision |
the extent to which a series of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way agree with one another |
| |
significant figure |
any digit in a measurement that is known with certanty plus one final digit which is somewhat uncertain or estimated |
| |
significant |
zeros between nonzero digits are... |
| |
not significant |
zeros in front of nonzero digits are... |
| |
significant |
zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are... |
| |
3 |
# of sig. figs. in 40.7 |
| |
5 |
# of sig. figs. in 87009 |
| |
4 |
# of sig. figs. in 0.009587 |
| |
6 |
# of sig figs. in 85.0000 |
| |
always significant |
nonzero digits |
| |
S.F. rule for multiplication and division |
the answer can have no more sig. figs. than there are in the meausurement w/ the smallest # of sig. figs. |
| |
S.F. rule for addition and subtraction |
the answer can have no more digits to the right of the decimal point than there are in the measurement with the smallest number of digits to the right of the decimal point |
| |
an infinite number of sig. figs. |
exact values have... |
| |
exact values |
defined conversion factors are... |
| |
scientific notation |
very large and very small numbers are written in... |
| |
S.N. rule for addition and subtraction |
all values must have the same exponent before they can be added or subtracted. the result is the sum or difference of the first factors, all multiplied by the same exponent of ten |
| |
S.N. rule for multiplication |
the first factors of the numbers are multiplied and the exponents of ten are added |
| |
S.N. rule for division |
the first factors of the number are divided, and the exponent of 10 in the denominator is subtracted from the exponent of 10 in the numerator |
| |
single digits |
first factors in scientific notation MUST be... |
| |
S.N. rule for placeholding zeros |
use S.N to replace placeholding (not significant) zeros |
| |
scientific method |
a systematic approach to solving a problem or answering a question |
| |
allows the scientist to identify the cause of the results in an experiment |
a control in an experiment |
| |
has been subjected to experimental testing |
a theory differs from a hypothesis in that a theory... |
| |
is how close it is to the true value |
the accuracy of a measurement |
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