 | Term | Definition |
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linguistics |
the scientific study of language |
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prescriptive |
rules of grammar, should and should not |
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descriptive |
rules of grammar, what people are naturally, actually doing |
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descriptive |
type of rules that linguists are interested in |
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transitive |
kind of verbs that can be passivized |
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descriptive |
type of verbs that take what look to be direct objects but don't behave like direct objects |
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communicative competence |
knowing how to talk in different styles, situations, grammatical rules, dialect, everything you need to know |
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grammar |
a set of implicit rules that describe and predict the form that speakers use and recognize |
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form function meaning |
triangular rules of grammar |
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form |
member of the grammar triangle; defines syntax, sounds, kinds of clusters, what you have to do to make words sound appropriate |
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function |
member of the grammar triangle; relationship between forms and meaning, language is a tool used to get things done; what the speaker is trying to do |
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pragmatics |
function |
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semantics |
meaning |
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meaning |
member of the grammar triangle; relationship between form and meaning or word and reference |
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passive |
functions of this kind of verb: dilute responsibility, keep a focus, avoid responsibility |
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language |
the communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals such as noise, sounds gestures, or written symbols |
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language |
a system including its rules for confining its components such as words |
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language |
a system as used by a nation of people or the distinct community, often contrasted with dialect |
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tag question |
complex amalgmation of two speech functions: an assertion and a question |
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tag question |
function of this can be: "I'm pretty sure, just checking" |
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idiolect |
the speech of an individual considered as a linguistic pattern unique among speakers of his dialect |
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writing |
auxiliary system of language |
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6000 |
number of languages in the world |
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phonetics |
the study of sounds in a language |
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phonology |
the study of sound patterns |
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morphology |
the study of meaningful units and how they combine to form words |
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syntax |
the study of the structure of phrases and sentences |
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semantics |
the study of meanings, reference, how sentences are understood |
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pragmatics |
the study of function, how language is used, how context affects meaning |
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single origin hypothesis |
claim that all languages come from one |
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contrastive analysis hypothesis |
claim that you must learn structures to learn language / grammar translation approach (which is now discredited) |
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interlanguage perspective |
the idea that L2 learners' errors display regular and logical patterns |
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seperate linguistic system |
transitional, developing system of a learner to target language (advancement and perfection is not happening) |
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natural order of acquisition hypothesis |
claim that what matters in learning a language is rate, not intelligence |
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critical period hypothesis |
claim that there is a natural language learning device that atropheeds during puberty |
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sociocultural perspective |
idea that we are social beings who learn through interaction of other people's speech |
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ecological perspective |
idea that language learning involves entire environment |
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taxonomy |
classification of words into nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc |
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euphemism |
the use of substitutes for offensive or harsher words |
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codeswitching |
communication of bilingual speakers with two or more languages; used as identity, secret handshake, intimacy |
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situational codeswitching |
speaking a certain language in a different setting |
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metaphorical codeswitching |
speaking a certain language when certain things are brought to mind |
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conversational codeswitching |
speaking languages back and forth |
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borrowing |
taking foreign words without being a speaker of the language, everyone can use it, used in chunks, used for meaning; often involved in a specific field |
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articulatory phonetics |
the study of how sounds are produced in a language |
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accoustic phonetics |
the study of the physical and perceived properties of a language |
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language universals |
traits that languages share |
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Renaissance to 19th century |
birth and end of pidgins |
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pidgin |
language developed for practical purposes, business language, contact language, limited vocabulary |
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superstrate |
language that is more dominant of a pidgin |
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substrate |
language that is less dominant of a pidgin |
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bioprogram hypothesis |
claim that similarities between creoles are due to the way children universally acquire language is called; proposed by Bickerton |
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Proto-Indo-European |
a language family that is the best compromise for a common language |
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1200 BC |
furthest back we can trace language |
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Proto-Indian |
language probably spoken in 5000 BC |
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Celtic |
indigenous language to England |
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300-500 AD |
period in which the Roman empire occuppied and influenced England |
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Old English |
Anglo-Saxon language of the 5th Centuary AD |
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780 AD |
year of the arrival of the Vikings on England |
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doublets |
two words from the same source but derived differently - different in form and meaning |
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Battle of Hastings |
1066 AD event, French King William I installed in England's aristocracy, influence of French in English |
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60 |
percentage of English that is derived from French |
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Middle English |
language of Chaucer's writing (beginning of 14th century) |
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Renaissance |
age of rediscovery of classics and language from their sources, Age of Queen Elizabeth, Shakespeare, began at the end of the 15th centuary |
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creole |
language initiated by children, develops into a language, has native speakers |
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style |
type of continuum with the degrees ranging from informal, neutral, formal |
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colloquialism |
local language, not slang because it's been used for many years |
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slang |
components of language created by people on the margins of respectability; serves as a handshake; shows intimacy; establishes credibility and commonality |
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liquor money sex |
three sources of slang according to slang video |
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code |
choosing a language according to circumstance: invididual based, slang, register, style, group-based, dialect; varieties of language (style, register, dialect) |
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speech community |
a group of people who understand and use language similarly |
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register |
language used based on occupational setting (i.e, law, religion, academics), not slang; used by group for ease of communication and to keep outsiders out |
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dialect |
regional or social variety of a language (determined by factors such as social class, occupation, gender, ethnicity, identity, etc) |
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non-standard dialect |
variety of language spoken by people in a region, class, people not in power |
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standard dialect |
variety of language spoken by people of power, prestige, and authority |
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philologist perspective |
view that studying languages should be concerned with the learning of the backgrounds as well as the usage of language (includes the literature, historical, and cultural contexts) |
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ecological interlanguage philologist sociocultural |
the four perspectives of language as proposed by Clair Kramsch |
