| Term | Definition |
|
<= |
less than or equal to |
|
>= |
greater than or equal to |
|
BETWEEN |
used to define range limits |
|
IN |
used to check whether an attribute value matches a value contained within a (sub)set of listed values |
|
<> |
Not equal to |
|
IS NULL |
used to check whether an attribute value is null |
|
EXISTS |
used to check whether an attribute has a value. |
|
LIKE |
used to check for similar character strings |
|
* |
matches any number of characters. it can be used as the first or last character in the character string |
|
? |
matches any single alphabetic character |
|
AND |
joins two or more conditions and returns results when all are true |
|
OR |
joins two or more conditions and returns results when any are true |
|
NOT |
negates an expression |
|
# |
qualifies dates |
|
'text' |
qualifies text |
|
ORDER BY |
lists in sequence |
|
SUM() |
gives the total of all rows, satisfying any condition, of the given column |
|
AVG() |
gives the average of the given column |
|
MAX() |
gives the largest figure in the given column |
|
MIN() |
gives the smallest figure in the given column |
|
COUNT() |
gives the number of rows satisfying the condition |
|
COUNT(*) |
counts the number of rows |
|
DAY() |
returns today’s date |
|
YEAR() |
returns only the year from a date field |
|
ROUND(attribute, 0) |
rounds to the nearest whole number |
|
GROUP BY |
indicate columns to summarize on |
|
HAVING |
indicate group conditions |
|
DISTINCT |
omits records that contain duplicate data in the selected fields |
|
table.attribute |
format used to identify an attribute of a table when tables being joined have attributes of the same name |
|
& ' ' & |
to combine two attributes into a single column |
|
nested query |
query inside a query. use in WHERE and HAVING conditions |